Aim. To identify and describe the main features and characteristics of the consciousness phenomenon in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science.

   Methodology. Analysis of the corpus of philosophical, psychological and other scientific texts was carried out; the experience of previous philosophical and scientific schools in describing the phenomenon of consciousness and defining the corresponding concept was summarized.

   Results. Based on the results of the review of the existing literature and the generalization of the relevant scientific and philosophical experience in the field of study, the most common approaches to the disclosure of the concept of consciousness were identified; the main properties of consciousness, accepted by several researchers of this problem as essential and necessary, were established; an interdisciplinary definition of the “consciousness” was proposed.

   Research implications. The results of the study are designed to simplify interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of the consciousness phenomenon, its substantiation and clarification.

   Aim. To identify the anthropological and metaphysical features of Bunin’s understanding of female beauty based on the story “Pure Monday”.

   Methodology. The study relies on hermeneutical, logical-semantic, cultural and textual analysis of the story “Pure Monday” in the context of the entire literary work of I. A. Bunin, as well as the corresponding philosophical and literary works of several authors from I. A. Ilyin to Maxim D. Schraer..

   Results. A conclusion was made about the antinomically true nature of Bunin’s original view of Russian female beauty. The “strange” and undoubted novelty of Bunin’s description of the female body and female beauty organically acquired the unexpected, unpredictable formula of the Chalcedonian Orthodox dogma with its “not merged, not transformed, indivisible, inseparable” principle, which has special significance for the Russian creative consciousness.

   Research implications. Bunin’s view of Russian female beauty is epistemologically and aesthetically concretized.

   Aim. Based on historical and philosophical analysis, to analyze the problem of a person’s unconscious attitude to his own body in the symbolic form of his perception as capital, through identification with which the process of self-denial, which abolishes his full existence, occurs in an ideally constructed image of defining himself as the otherness of the Other.

   Methodology. The results obtained in the course of this study are based on both dialectical and hermeneutic methods, using comparative analysis, which made it possible to holistically and systematically comprehend the fundamental concepts that have been developed in the history of philosophy, reflecting a person’s perception of his own body in a symbolically ambivalent form as a fundamental tool of capitalist production, used for various needs and associated irrational desires.

   Results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the idealized image of the human body in the form of capital is unconsciously adopted as a fundamental source of education, economically structured by antagonistic relationships of the symbolic self-determination of a person as an impersonal figure of the Other, through identification with which he is alienated from himself and from his truly complete process of individuation.

   Research implications. The fundamental value of the study is that a thoughtful analysis of the unconscious dimension of the human body reflects the crisis processes in the economy that have developed in an ambiguous symbolic form, in particular at the level of individual self-determination of a person as a personality, as a formed subject of commodification and the associated consequences of implicit education and explicit the spread of antagonistic relationships.

   Aim. To reveal the content of the main stages of the evolution of the ideas of philosophers and scientists about the scientific method, its essence and possibilities.

   Methodology. Based on the material of the history of science and philosophy, the main stages of the development of ideas about the content of the scientific method, its nature, essence and cognitive capabilities are reconstructed. It is shown that these changes were caused both by the content of scientific knowledge in different eras and by the social and cultural context.

   Results. The position is substantiated that in the history of science and philosophy there have never been unambiguous ideas among scientists and philosophers about the scientific method, its nature, essence and cognitive capabilities. This took place at all stages of the history of science and philosophy, including our time. The basis of such ambiguity is a qualitatively different structure of scientific knowledge (different fields of science, levels and types of scientific knowledge), a change in the subject content of scientific knowledge, the level of philosophical reflection of scientific knowledge. It is shown that in the history of the methodology of science, from the very beginning, two competing research programs of the scientific method existed: monistic and pluralistic. Supporters of the monistic program proceeded from the idea of the existence of a single, universal scientific method, invariant with respect to various subjects of scientific knowledge; supporters of the pluralistic paradigm emphasized the dependence of the content of the scientific method from the content of the research subject and pointed to the facts of the use of different cognition methods in real science of any epoch. The analysis of the evolution of ideas about the scientific method shows that in the long-term historical competition between the monistic and pluralistic paradigms of the methodology of science, the victory turned out to be on the side of the latter. Methodological pluralism in science turned out to be a natural consequence of the subject and structural diversity of scientific knowledge.

   Research implications. It is proved that methodological pluralism in science is a natural and natural consequence of the subject and structural diversity of scientific knowledge, that methodological truth in science is as concrete as all other scientific knowledge. Awareness of this circumstance should become a necessary element of the methodological culture of a modern scientist.

   Aim. To identify the main trends in the development of experimental philosophy.

   Methodology. The current state of contradictory judgments in the development of experimental philosophy has been analyzed. The methodology of the research is a systematic analysis of the problem of the development of experimental philosophy in science, as well as general scientific methods of theoretical knowledge, methods of system analysis, comparison and generalization of foreign and Russian studies on the problem. Experimental philosophy involves the empirical study of methods and conceptual judgments confirming empirical research based on experiments and surveys to evaluate the philosophical epistemological activity.

   Results. Based on the study of concepts, positive and negative models, the question arises about the importance of experimental philosophy in science. Critical remarks about experimental philosophy are highlighted: experimental conditions lack structured theoretical validity, reliance on experimental data is carried out; reflexive and social directions of philosophical analysis are blurred; there is an inaccuracy in the interpretation of procedural and evaluative forms of philosophical expertise.

   Research implications. The results of the research contribute to the methodological basis of social philosophy. The relevance is determined by the practical significance of experimental philosophy, i. e. the application of experimental results to methodology in the aspect of philosophical theories. This will solve the dilemma of using intuition as a form of philosophical proof. The authors conclude that experimental philosophy has the right to use both intuition and rational and empirical ways to solve a scientific problem. Consequently, experimental philosophy assumes the presence of positive and
negative results as opposite structures in the theoretical and methodological set of studies to obtain a rationally justified model.

   Aim. To conduct philosophical analysis, to present justification, and to identify the specifics of scientific approaches to management as the basis for the management philosophy formation.

   Methodology. To study issues related to scientific approaches to management, a systematic approach, methods of analysis and synthesis of sources on the research topic, generalization and comparison were used as the basis for the formation of a management philosophy.

   Results. In the course of the analysis, the prerequisites for the formation of the philosophy of management as a practical philosophy were identified.

   Research implications. The theoretical relevance consists in the formation of an original approach to the concept of “management consciousness of managers”. The practical component of the study is the determination of the role of philosophy in the formation of the theoretical foundations of management necessary to change social systems and make the transition from a state of unstable development to a state of stability.

   Aim. To highlight the essence of the logic of the meaning of the Russian civilizational tradition in comparison with the logic of the meaning of Western civilization.

   Methodology. The study was carried out within the framework of a local civilizational approach, using comparative and hermeneutic methods, as well as figurative and logical modeling.

   Results. The results obtained can serve as a basis for understanding the Russian logic of meaning, its tendency to a holistic type of thinking, the immanent inclusion of an axiological component, the possibility of coexistence of several “truths” and “world views” at the same time, etc. features. Differences in perception are due to integrity versus atomicity of perception and fundamentally dissimilar types of rationality. The specificity of the type of thinking formed within the framework of Russian civilization is due to the fact that its inherent characteristics are not limited to pure rationality, while maintaining an irrational component.

   Research implications. The highlighted specifics of Russian logic of meaning (in comparison to the Western one) explain that for the Western tradition, meeting with the Other implicitly carries conflict and competition, and the metaphors “conflict of civilizations”, “war of the worlds”, etc. In Russian logic of the meaning the Other is “neighbor” which is directly related to the specifics of Orthodoxy and the concept of conciliarity.

   Aim. To determine the attitude towards the phenomenon of tolerance in the modern Russian educational environment and identify the features of its functioning, as well as further prospects for the development of the tolerance system in the domestic academic space.

   Methodology. When writing the work, both general scientific methods and a set of methods of socio-philosophical research were used, primarily the comparative approach. This made it possible to draw a distinction between Russian and Western perceptions of tolerance in changing social and political conditions.

   Results. The main conclusion of the study is the identification and explanation of viewpoints on the phenomenon of tolerance in the Russian educational environment from two sides: pedagogical, which involves understanding the problem comprehension as a whole, and philosophical, which considers tolerance in a fundamental sense. In the course of analyzing the phenomenon of tolerance in the academic environment of Russia, the weaknesses of the pedagogical approach were identified, and a philosophical understanding of the issue was proposed. Particular attention was paid to the interpretation of tolerance not only in the traditional sense, that is, in the opposition of “us” and “them”, but also within the framework of the dichotomy “traditional” and “progressive”.

   Research implications. The findings of the study can be used in teaching philosophy, political science, cultural studies and other university courses.

   Aim. To analyze the concepts and ideas of the civilizational approach relevant to the contemporary geopolitical situation, to identify through them the specifics of relations between Russia and Europe, the place and role of our country in the general context of world history.

   Methodology. The study consistently examines the following problematic aspects of the civilizational approach: the potential of the concept of “cultural-historical type” as a tool for structuring world history; the worldview position of eurocentrism, its negative impact on Russia, which caused the “disease of Europeanization”; the specific features of the Slavic cultural-historical type; the definition of the historical mission of Russia in the context of the civilizational conception of N. Ya. Danilevsky. The main methods used in the study are historical and logical, comparative and structural, as well as methods of analogy and abstraction.

   Results. The study identifies and analyzes the concepts and ideas of the civilizational approach that correspond to the model of a multipolar world relevant to nowadays. Using as an example N. Ya. Danilevsky’s work “Russia and Europe”, the work highlights those of them that can be the worldview orientations for determining the vector of Russia’s development, its place and role in the general context of world history. These include non-identity of Russia and Europe; specifics of Russia as a special cultural-historical type; potential for its future self-realization within the framework of the formation of the “all-Slavic union”; importance of the “eastern question”; rejection of eurocentrism with related overcoming of the “disease of europeanization”, etc.

   Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study is related to the attempt to project the basic concepts and ideas of the civilizational approach to the modern geopolitical situation, to consider through their prism a number of existentially significant problems for our country, including the problem of relations between Russia and Europe. The practical significance of the study is due to the fact that its ideas and conclusions can be used as a basis for the regulation of intractable geopolitical conflicts, constructing an equitable system of international relations based on the principles of multipolarity and multiculturalism, with recognition of the special historical mission in this process of modern Russia.

   Aim. To analyse the concept of “creative personality”, identify its essence and main features.

   Methodology. The archetypes of a person are considered as collective symbols of thought forms encoded in his psyche, which become the foundation of his spirituality; an analysis of the concept of “personal creative potential” is given as a correlation between the dialectical pair of possibility and reality; the essence of the empirical, reflexive and spiritual levels of development of a human’s personal existence has been studied.

   Results. The analysis carried out allows us to assert that personality is a spiritual monad, and creativity is an attribute of personality. Based on this, a definition of the concept of “creative personality” is given.

   Research implication. The significance of the article lies in the author’s approach to the analysis of the characteristic features of such phenomena as levels of personal existence, personality, creativity and creative personality.

   Aim. To identify the main structural and functional features of the university as a source of generation and mechanism of knowledge transfer in a single cultural and educational space.

   Methodology. The system method and the method of structural and functional analysis were used. A comparative analysis of the functional structure of Russian and foreign universities is carried out. The main functions of universities and the features of their innovative development are investigated.

   Results. The main structural and functional features of the university are highlighted. The basic functions of the university are formulated. The main types of Russian universities are analyzed. The main positive trends in the transformation of modern Russian higher education are indicated.

   Research implications. Based on the ideas proposed in this study, it is possible to analyze the causes of negative characteristics of specific universities and outline real ways of their effective positive transformation. In addition, based on this study, it is possible to strengthen the success of forecasts for the development of higher education in Russia.

   Aim. To identify the factors influencing the development and spread of the idea of temporalism in volunteer activity, as well as to assess their impact on various volunteer activities.

   Methodology. The research methodology is the historical and philosophical approach to the problem of improving volunteer activities, based on the idea of temporalism. A social-philosophical analysis of the spectrum of areas in which volunteer movements are formed based on the principles of temporalism is carried out.

   Results. As a result of the research, facts have been revealed that influence the development and spread of themproliferation in volunteer activities. It is shown that the purpose of volunteering is not only a specific result in the form of assistance to those in need or the implementation of certain projects, but also the formation of a deep understanding of human solidarity and mutual responsibility for the fate of our society. The results of the study confirm the importance of the time factor in the successful implementation of volunteer projects and the implementation of volunteer activities in general, allowing us to allocate the optimal time frame to achieve maximum results.

   Research implications. The results of the analysis help to better understand the essence of temporary factors in the volunteer movement and offer practical recommendations for optimizing the use of time resources by volunteers and their organizations.

   Aim. To describe the interrelation of various social relations in the focus of transformation of communication methods and mass media as tools of ideology. To trace this dynamic in the socio-philosophical context of the 20th century.

   Methodology. The conclusions of the conducted research are based on the principles of philosophical, social and interdisciplinary research. The analysis of experts’ views on the transformations of social areas is used.

   Results. According to the results of the study, the conclusion is made about the unconditional dependence of the appearance of modifications in the communication sphere on the evolutionary stages of the development of society. The final conclusion is made about the current state of the referential component of the current public order.

   Research implications. The paper describes the features of the formation of the information society. The interrelation between communicative processes and mass media with various social phenomena is revealed. It shows the need for continuous reflection on rapid changes that make adjustments to being.

   Aim. To propose a taxonomy of the urban population.

   Methodology. The characteristic grouping of ontologically diverse categories of phenomena.

   Results. It is demonstrated that the technique of concentrating the figures of interaction according to taxonomic units does not have a linear representation; it is due to the dynamic coordination of species-distinguishing parameters of somatic, mental, social, cultural, existential properties.

   Research implications. The results obtained are used in the social and political reflection of the voluminous process of urbanization, the principles of the behavioral self-manifestation of its agent – homo urbanus, as well as in the thematization of issues of anthropic systematics in courses of social and political philosophy.