Aim. To study the problem of classifying objects within the general theory of systems and in the framework of the adjacent methodological concepts.

Methodology. The research is based on the formation of a set of logical and methodological requirements and restrictions to the criteria for classifying objects, assessing the compliance of existing classifications with the established requirements and restrictions, as well as formulating the author’s classification of objects in the general theory of systems.

Results. The inconsistency of the existing classifications to the formulated reasonable requirements and limitations was determined. The author’s classification, corresponding to the specified requirements and limitations, is proposed.

Research implications. Solving the problem of classifying objects to form through the theory of systems a reliable picture of the world in which incompleteness is known and distortions can be overcome without making significant changes in the methodology of representing objects due to the ontological character of the classification criteria used.

Aim. Explication of the dynamics of the concept of Logos in philosophy, as a justification for the cognizability of the world and the objectivity of its cognition.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the work is the disclosure of the immanent tendencies of 1the genesis of philosophical cognition as an experimental study of the possibilities of reason and the search for objective reality.

Results. Firstly, the connection between the change in the operationalization of the Logos and the increase in uncertainty in the methods of cognition, the criteria of truth, and the vision of the properties of being is found. Secondly, a significant indicator of the crisis of rationality has been identified, which consists in establishing a semantic identity in the modern philosophy of the concepts of chaos and Logos. Thirdly, it is shown that the desire of philosophy to get away from the value-semantic subject problematics has led to the opposite effect. The genesis of new values arises, sacralizing chaos, synthesizing religious and philosophical ideas in a new vision of the world.

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the disclosure of cognitive factors of a person’s confidence or fear of the construction of reality and the loss of stability of reproduction of society, culture. The practical significance of the conclusions is determined by the need of modern civilization, approaching the peak of instability, for a radical ontological revision of the goals, conditions, parameters of mankind’s construction of its socio-cultural environment.

Aim. To analyze the main ascetics of the historiosophical doctrine of the Russian statehood nature within the framework of classical Eurasianism philosophy. Representatives of this philosophical trend managed to create an original doctrine of the state, based on the civilizational and cultural approach to the development of Russia which keeps relevant up till now.

Methodology. The article considers that view on the state, which has become a real alternative to the traditional Eurocentric methodology. In the course of the study, cultural, comparative-historical, dialectic and comparative methods were used.

Results. The article concludes that the Eurasianists deeply studied the issues of the existence of the state of Russia-Eurasia, as a result of which the idea arose of a great civilizational power of Russia, capable of resisting the Western world, including the matters of state building. The significance of the Eurasians’ civilizational and cultural approach to the interpretation of the specifics of the Russian state development was determined, the connection between the cultural identity of the Eurasian world and the original state emerging on its soil, as well as the prospects of these ideas for further designing state building in our country, was identified.

Research implications. The study allows us to get an idea of the specifics of Russian statehood, based on the special inter-civilizational nature of the Eurasian world.

Aim. To reveal some aspects of the religious and philosophical views of the German thinker Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, which are entirely rooted in his logic.

Methodology. The corpus of texts has been analyzed. The main content of the study is the analysis of the works of the philosopher and his followers. The following methods were used: problematic and descriptive analytics of specific primary sources in the context of Hegel’s beliefs and views. Logical laws in Hegel’s system are identified with the general laws of being. All this constitutes a characteristic ¹feature of Hegelian philosophy.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that Hegel’s religious philosophy is the same logic, only expressed in different terms. Incited by Christian doctrine, he makes attempts to elucidate religious issues from the point of view of his system, and along this path approaches the theistic worldview. In his philosophical writings, Hegel expounds in great detail the speculative meaning of the main Christian dogmas.

Research implication. The study of the religious views of the German Hegel presupposes the further development of religious and philosophical knowledge of the beginning of the 19th century. His views in Russia have become a source of inspiration for many people: from students to university professors. The information obtained will help in understanding the philosopher’s influence on the religious thought of Russia.

Aim. To conduct a historical and philosophical analysis of the main conceptual ideas about the problem of time and reveal the specific features of its sacred and profane manifestations as the key principles of self-actualization of human existence as the Other.

Methodology. This study was carried out using the methods of historical-philosophical, dialectical, and hermeneutic analysis, which made it possible to comprehend the non-classical concept of time as a fundamental form of a bifurcated human perception of the world.

Results. The analysis made it possible to substantiate the problem of time as an ambivalent form of borderline perception and experience of reality by a person through events disintegrated and fragmented in it, in which its ambiguous essence, open to the sacred and profane dimension, is imprinted and formed in a contradictory way. The sacred explication of time presupposes a non-identical dimension of a person, in his extremely hypostatized and impersonal form of events, and the profane explication of time presupposes his primordial nature, identified in an animated form, closed on itself.

Research implications. This study sheds light on the conceptual rethinking of the phenomenon of time as a universal mirror of human existence, in which its inferior value is acquired in an authentic way.

Aim. To analyze the features of the worldview of Boris Pasternak and prove their consonance with the provisions of the philosophy of life of A. Schopenhauer and other European representatives of this philosophical direction.

Methodology. The methodology of this analysis is based on the foundations of hermeneutics (methodology of text interpretation) and the principles of idiostyle, which makes it possible to detect the individual style of presentation of a creative person, largely genetically determined and dependent on the way of thinking, requiring the researcher to find out how and what language elements are used by the author to express his philosophical position.

Results. As a result of the study, we found parallels between the creative position of Boris Pasternak and the main provisions of the philosophy of life, where we exclude the intentional borrowing of philosophical ideas by the writer, but we believe that the ideas of the philosophy of life led to a resonance in his work. The study shows that B. Pasternak forms a personal understanding of the philosophy of life, overcoming the subjectivism of A. Bergson, the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer, and the anti-Christian orientation of F. Nietzsche.

Research implications. This study will expand the understanding of artistic thinking and the philosophical content of Boris Pasternak’s creative work, concordant with the foundations of the philosophy of life as an irrational trend in European philosophy and the views of its representatives, it will serve as the basis for further philosophical and ideological reflections. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results can be used in literary criticism, pedagogical activity, in the development of special courses on philosophy aimed at studying the latest philosophical schools, reflecting their positions in the work of B. Pasternak, as well as for a better understanding of numerous works devoted to the philosophy of life and creativity of B. Pasternak in Russia.

Aim. The issues of perception of the ideas of Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) and the sources of the founder of the promising gymnasium “Philanthropin” Johann Bernhard Basedow (1723–1790) are being investigated. The origins of Mendelssohn’s philosophy in pedagogy and in pedagogical experiments as practical logic in the German Enlightenment of the 18th century are considered.

Methodology. Sources of Mendelssohn’s philosophy are revealed in the pedagogical experiments of Johann Bernhard Basedow, Reimarus and Rousseau. Basedow applied interesting, up-to-date methods in pedagogy and training, for example, the study of a new subject he began with mastering it in practice, tactilely, and only after that the study of this subject was continued in textbooks, through teaching literature, according to the instructions.

Results. It is discovered and shown that Basedow observed how new knowledge is acquired through the experience of interaction with objects; different sides of new and familiar objects are discovered; knowledge and values of objects in a person’s mind increase. Similar to Basedow’s method was the method of teaching by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the French enlightener of the 18^th century, who was very highly appreciated by Basedow and Mendelssohn. Particular attention is paid to proving the importance of Basedow’s methods influence on the formation of Mendelssohn’s critical philosophy.

Research implications. It is shown that Mendelssohn, as a true admirer of the progressive method, in his last lifetime work, in “Morning Hours or Readings about the Existence of God” (1785), followed Basedow’s method, that is, some “co-practice” or “co-work” as certain pedagogical techniques. It is concluded that Mendelssohn, even before Kant, began to build his kind of critical philosophy and, thus, the idea is substantiated that a critical approach in 18^th-century philosophy was characteristic of many thinkers of that time.

Aim. To identify the limitations of science as a reason for its divergence from religion.

Methodology. The postulates of scientific and religious (teleological) traditions are compared. An attempt to level the opposition of religion and science based on the anthropic principle was made.

Results. The analysis has shown the limitations of scientific search imposed by ideology. The ideological reasons of inertia of scientific paradigms have been traced. The reduction of scientific creativity to the methods of classicism with its templates to publications is noted. Proposals for changes in scientific and ecclesiastical organization are put forward. The possibilities of anthropic principle and concepts of purpose in harmonization of scientific and religious worldviews are revealed.

Research implications. The study sheds light on new horizons for expanding the interdisciplinary diversity of the fields of anthropological and philosophical knowledge. The author of the article concludes that the c₁ reation of new fundamental (paradigmatic) conceptions of science is most likely on teleological grounds.

Aim. To study the historical and logical process of the mathematization of chemistry in the context of its interaction with physics, to disclose the connection of mathematics with the conceptual systems of chemistry, to study the methodological and epistemological barriers on this path.

Methodology. To study the process of chemistry mathematization with the participation of physics, methods of interaction between historical and logical are used, as well as retrospective analysis and a systematic approach.

Results. It is shown that the conceptual systems of chemistry throughout the history of interaction with mathematics and physics revealed relative isolation and independence. The relations between them were built according to the rules of coordination, which led both to their development and the emergence of new interdisciplinary and borderline fields of knowledge (computational chemistry), and to methodological difficulties (in chemistry, strict deductive systems, as in physics, there are problems of mathematical modeling and computer experiment) that prevent further chemistry mathematization.

Research implications. The results of the research contribute to the methodology and philosophy of science; methodological problems of chemistry mathematization through the mediation of physics are formulated.

Aim. To reveal the problem of constituting the limits of violence in the conceptual horizon of the political and related phenomena (pre-, postand over-political).

Methodology. The article uses the methodological principles and guidelines of social constructivism, hermeneutics, historical-philosophical and comparative analysis. The doctrines of Thomas Hobbes, Carl Schmitt, Karl Jaspers, which formed the basis of the study, are analyzed on the basis of the political difference (the distinction between the political and politics).

Results. The connection between the political and the forms and practices of violence that exist in society is explicated. Three conceptual axes for analyzing the limits of political violence are revealed: the semantic potential of the concept of the political is regarded in the horizon of semantically related conceptual means of analysis (pre-, postand over-political).

Research implications. The study reveals the potential of the political which is characterized by an open and transgressive existence and can solve the problem of limiting violence.

Aim. To show the relevance of teaching Russian philosophy at school and outline its role in shaping the worldview. To analyze foreign experience in the implementation of school philosophy. To reveal the factors, methods, strategies for including Russian philosophy in the educational programs of the school.

Methodology. The current state of the study of Russian philosophy in the education system as one of the important components of the Russian outlook is considered. The research methodology is a sociophilosophical analysis of the problem of including Russian philosophy in the educational process of the school, as well as general scientific methods of theoretical knowledge, methods of system analysis, comparison and generalization of foreign and Russian studies on the problem of studying knowledge of Russian philosophy as an integral organism and its main principles: logic and thinking, love and justice, faith and Russia as a necessary core of the modern progressive worldview in the context of the expansion of robotization, artificial intelligence, the introduction of digital tools into living biological individuals.

Results. Based on the study of integral knowledge in Russian philosophy and the analysis of foreign literature on teaching philosophy at school, the authors come to the conclusion that in the current conditions of uncertainty and social singularity, the teaching of Russian philosophy at school is an urgent need and an important factor in the formation of a modern progressive worldview to preserve the human in man.

Research implications. Teaching Russian philosophy at school at the earliest stages of personality formation develops critical thinking and civic responsibility on the basis of high moral principles, consistent with state integrity, traditional values for our country, and scientific consciousness.

Aim. To reveal the features of the correlation of values and scientific knowledge that influence the moral choice of a scientist.

Methodology. The current state of conflicting judgments about the ideal of value-free science is analyzed, and it is argued that science cannot be free from values, since the very value of the cognitive process is natural and beyond doubt. The research methodology is a socio-philosophical analysis of the problem of freedom of choice or moral limitations of values in science, as well as general scientific methods of theoretical knowledge, methods of system analysis, comparison and generalization of foreign and Russian studies on the study of values in science. Two main theses are used as methodological foundations of the study: the value of science is not in the evaluation of discoveries, but in achieving the goal of the study; science solves the set tasks or shows their impossibility against the background of the moral limitations of the discovery.

Results. Based on the study of values in science, the question arises of the significance of scientific achievements, discoveries for humanity from the standpoint of the moral aspect, their application for the good or for the detriment of life. The recognition of values in science requires a rethinking of the understanding of rationality and the responsibility of science to humanity. Rationality cannot be seen as ideally instrumental, free from values. This leads to a limitation of the autonomy of science and the achievement of the material needs of mankind. Scientific rationality is considered as practice-oriented rationality, taking into account not only the material, but also the moral aspect of the existence of the individual.

Research implications. Material on the topic under study is summarized. The results of the study contribute to the methodological basis of social philosophy. Their relevance is due to the disclosure of practical significance in that it is necessary to make science responsible for all types of discoveries from the standpoint of values, and at the same time develop institutional mechanisms for influencing scientists who ignore responsibility for the cognitive value of research results. This will solve the dilemma of dual use, misuse or abuse of science. The author comes to the conclusion that science without values, without a moral basis is deprived of responsibility for the future of civilization, it is able to heal and harm for the sake of material gain or achievement of a goal. Consequently, the value basis of science implies a moral regulator, the responsibility of scientists for their discoveries, the safety of the world around and the life of mankind.

Aim. To discover the specifics of the dynamics of modern societies determined by the scope of meme culture opportunities as a unique marker of the ambiguous challenges of the XXI century.

Methodology. The social reality was reviewed in terms of communicational transformations that occurred with the coming of the digital age. As the methodological basis of this research, sociophilosophical analysis of sociocultural contradictions was employed, which was based on new cultural programs that rearrange value-oriented personality orientations through which the potential of societal development is influenced.

Results. The importance of meme culture that as an influential factor in personality identification was actualised. The duality of meme culture was determined. A positive tendency in the creation of diversity that promotes personal development in individuals and a negative tendency in the reinforcement of dissimilarities, the accumulation of which leads to critical points in bifurcations can be observed. Conclusions were made regarding the domination of the individual and the unique, contrary to the traditional opinions in the mass segment of culture.

Research implications. The analysis of connections between different aspects of meme culture as a moving force in societal development was generalized. The perspectives of societal development in the process of mastering new meanings, acting as a powerful factor in an individual’s activity, were interpreted.