Aim. To reveal the essence and nature of the mental form of reality reflection.
Methodology. A philosophical analysis of the process of mental reflection in the context of the problem of “brain and psyche” is carried out in the work. In the process of research, the theoretical method of scientific knowledge and the general philosophical dialectical method were used, as well as the methods of abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, and mental modeling of the stages of mental reflection.
Results. In this paper, the process of mental reflection of reality is considered in detail from the position of L. S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical approach and the systemic organization of physiological functions. The author draws attention to the fact that the brain and psyche interact with each other through cognitive cross-function connections. Although it is known that the mental activity of the brain has a dual material-ideal nature, the question still remains unresolved: “How does the material brain reproduce the non-material psyche”? In this regard, the article provides an opinion that the knowledge of mental phenomena occurs through higher skills and abilities, psycho-nervous activity and neural hypernetwork – cognite. The role of the cognitive neurodynamic system in adequate mental reflection of the external world is revealed. The special significance of cognitive neural connections and relationships in mental reflection is emphasized, including A. R. Luria’s position on this issue. S. L. Rubinstein’s views of on the relationship of mental processes with brain functions are analyzed. D. Chalmers’ opinion concerning two concepts of mental – phenomenal and psychological is given. Attention is drawn to D. Dennett’s position, according to which, the non-material mind is clearly correlated with the material brain. In this regard, the opinion is expressed that the activity of the cognitive system of the human brain has a circular nature, in which the following stages can be traced: perception, awareness, understanding, thinking, speech and movement. In conclusion, the author shows the role of cognitive cross-function connections in the system of mental reflection of reality.
Research implications. The work for the first time carried out the rethinking of the process of mental reflection of the external world from the standpoint of L. S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical approach, where cross-function connections and relationships play a special role. An attempt has been made to show the true essence and nature of the mental reflection of objects and phenomena of the external world based on the systemic organization of the mental activity of the brain.

Aim. In the circle of semantic searches, a conceptual super-task arises – the development of self-redundant (diffuse, “fuzzy”) contexts with specific relational, multilevel, multi-valued semantics of potential states adapted to the exposure of “transworld lines”, due to the exit from the realis into the conditialis, from the factive to the counterfactive, from the actuative to the possessive.
Methodology. The procedural framework of consideration was a block of general scientific (induction, deduction, traduction, abduction) and specific (reflection, translation, etc.) ways of mastering realities.
Results. The result of the research is a positive program: it is justified – in contrast to linguistic, logical semantics, philosophical semantics evaluates the generated images of the world through establishing their correspondence to the subject order of reality – from the position of Status Rerum.
Research implications. The doctrinal and pragmatic significance of the material consists in demonstrating the need to move from the comprehension of propositions, formulas, images of the world, revealed in the word, to the objects, conditions, constituents of reality behind the symbols.

Aim. Based on philosophical methodology, consider in detail the content of some general scientific (philosophical) categories “content”, “essence”, “organization”, “structure”, “integer”, “quantity”, “quality”, “measure”, ‘leap”, “system” and give them a definition in the modern edition.
Methodology. The work was carried out based on a systematic approach using methods of classification and comparative analysis.
Results. Reasoning about the system of philosophical categories because of intellectual activity, which is the systematization of information about a phenomenon and the naming of this phenomenon, is still relevant today. The categories reflect the features of the phenomena of a certain class, the essential properties of the phenomena and the connections between them are recorded. Moreover, based on the content of general scientific categories, methods of cognition are formed. They also have a general scientific character; they participate in all scientific research without exception. This fact attaches particular importance to understanding the essence of general scientific (philosophical) categories, which, working to solve the problems of scientific research, are transformed into methods of scientific research. This circumstance determines the need for a detailed presentation of the content of general scientific (philosophical) categories in their modern version.
Research implications. The results of the study can be used to improve the methodological competencies of both teachers of philosophical disciplines and students.

Aim. To philosophically interpret the understanding of the human image in the process of globalization in the modern world. The appeal to the problem of the place and position of the human image from the point of view of philosophical interpretation is due to the changes taking place in modern society.
Methodology. The determination of the place and position of the image as a semantic principle latently expressed in daily activities and cognitive functions was done.
Result. Several aspects have been identified where the image of a person as a complex scientific semantic principle is interpreted in accordance with specific circumstances.
Research implications. It was determined that the image of a person includes a person in culture, and this makes it possible to philosophically interpret the images of people and philosophical activity. The individual coloring of ideal ideas about a person ensures the connection of the personality with the context of culture and allows philosophically comprehending the images of a person and realizing the projective function of philosophy.

Aim. To clarify the prospects for the development of European philosophy in connection with the postmodern rejection of modernity, classics in general. To show that behind this postmodern negative gesture the assertion of the problem of actual infinity lies.
Methodology. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction), hermeneutical method, analogy. It is established that the philosophical and metaphysical aspect, which is rooted in the pre-philosophical tradition of the search for the transformation of nature, i1s generic for the problem of actual infinity.
Results. The author shows that European philosophy had a tendency to unreasonably reduce the problem of actual infinity to its quantitative aspect. At the same time, the peculiarity of the problem of actual infinity is that even an unjustified assumption of the possibility of its realization results in a real change in the nature of the finite, but the basis for it is no longer actual, but potential infinity, as Zeno showed. Potential infinity becomes the paradigmatic core of postmodernism within the framework of the restoration of the problem of actual infinity in its original sense as a problem of the transformation of nature, which leads beyond the limits of European philosophy proper.
Research implications. In the perspective set by this study, postmodernism turns out to be no longer a subverter of modernity, classics in general, but a reference to this broader context, on the interaction with which the future of European philosophy now depends.

Aim. To consider the main subject of Lev Isaakovich Shestov’s philosophy. That subject is a person with a “floating identity” who has experienced the depreciation of values, the fall of reference points, and is not identical to himself.
Methodology. The study examined and analyzed the principles of L. Shestov’s work. It was revealed that the main method of L. Shestov is “wandering through the souls”. We have studied the main features of t1his method.
Results. The study analyzed the research method of L. Shestov – “wandering through the souls.” With the help of this method, the thinker explores human souls. What matters to Lev Isaakovich is not the thinker’s teaching, but the living and tossing human soul. He tries to reveal the “hidden” in the life of a thinker. The obstacles that stand in the way of the thinker to the study of the individual soul were also outlined and analyzed.
Research implications. This study is relevant for the modern man, since the issues raised by L. Shestov are more relevant than ever. How one can live if the ground is constantly slipping from under his feet? The modern man goes through the daily devaluation of values, the collapse of the reference points. Such a person is left with only his own freedom. Do we want to use it, or are we more attracted to drowning in the “common sense”?

Aim. Evaluation of the impact of technological developments on visual art, and in particular on the relationship between a copy and the original.
Methodology. The influence of technology is revealed on the material of works of art from different eras. The technologies used for mass copying and creation of objects of visual art are analyzed.
Results. Traditionally, authenticity has been valued in art. The artist-creator must at the same time master the skill of working with matter, accessible only to the elite. The development of technology has made it possible to make copies easier and cheaper than the original (engraving, lithography, photography). Technology has contributed to the widespread distribution of works of art, but the difference between the original and a copy was not in doubt. The original is of great value both material and cultural, and can serve as an object of pilgrimage. Only the digital age has completely destroyed the possibility of distinguishing between the original and a copy. Digitalization means the era of visual simulacra (according to J. Baudrillard), the loss of the aura of materially present works (V.Benjamin). Digital technologies serve not only to copy works of art from different eras, but also to create a work that does not lose its features when replicated. But even in the digital age, the original and a copy were fundamentally different in the technological process of creation. However, when working with artificial intelligence technologies, a person is required to skillfully operate with words and choose the most suitable options, which finally blurs the line between the original and a copy.
Research implications. The study reveals the role of technology in art. It is shown that modern digital technologies require a new approach to understanding and evaluating artistic creativity.

Aim. To reveal the structure of modern science and the content of its main aspects.
Methodology. Rational reconstruction of the general structure of modern science and description of the content of its main dimensions.
Results. The difference between the understanding of science in classical epistemology and modern philosophy of science is shown. A multidimensional and heterogeneous in its content general model of the structure of modern science is constructed. Seven of its main dimensions are identified, which are internally interconnected: epistemological, activity-cognitive, social, cultural, axiological, anthropological, innovative.
Research implications. The position is substantiated that the disclosure of the general laws of the development of modern science is possible only from the standpoint of its understanding as a multidimensional cognitive-social structure.

Aim. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the logical and mathematical ideas of N. M. Gersevanov, a prominent Russian hydraulic engineer and founder of the Russian school of soil mechanics. At the time when mathematical logic was taking its first steps in Russia, this famous mechanical engineer had already been widely applying its approaches in the stability analysis of embankments supported by “the cribwork”, a wooden structure filled with cobbles and clay that served as the base for embankments. To achieve the goal of the research, the author solves the following tasks: showing the conditions under which N. M. Gersevanov employed the tools of logic; identifying patterns of logic algebra applied by the Russian hydraulic engineer to substantiate the stability of hydraulic structures; identify the motives that encouraged Gersevanov to apply mathematical logic and syllogistics in his theoretical research.
Methodology. The author’s research methods included the retrospective analysis of sources on the history of logic.
Results. In the course of the study the author found out that Gersevanov, who had frequently applied the apparatus of mathematical logic to engineering calculations, was ahead of other domestic logicians in this matter.
Research implications. The study makes it clear how the domestic schools of non-classical and mathematical logic were formed in the middle of the 20th century.

Aim. To analyze the phenomenon of “homo digital” from the perspective of the impact on it of the leading achievements of the digital revolution, to reveal the social, cultural, psychological, and technological aspects of the formation of this new human type.
Methodology. The study consistently reveals the peculiarities of human existence in the modern world, analyzes the new human type formed in it – homo digital, comprehends the problems and challenges associated with the process of its formation and development, accents the social aspects of its existence. Dialectical methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, descriptive procedures, descriptive method, and method of comparative analysis are used to consider these problems.
Results. The study concludes that the concept of “homo digital” fixes not only the digital component of the existence of a modern human, but also cultural, social, and psychological aspects associated with his involvement into the world of modern technics and technology. Homo digital is presented as an active participant of the digital society, who is fully realizing his role and responsibility in the digital world. His fundamental characters are digital literacy, formed ethical principles of on-line communication, the ability of effective management of data and information, critical evaluation of information, interaction in an on-line environment, realizing an impact of digital technologies on society and the environment, taking care of digital security.
Research implications. The theoretical significance of the research relates to the thematization of the concept of “homo digital”, the identification of its characteristics and features, problems and prospects of being in the new digital world. The practical significance of the study is stipulated by the practical recommendations presented in it on improving the lifeway of a modern human, overcoming actual existential problems – digital inequality, ensuring the necessary level of digital education, compliance with ethical principles of communication in the digital environment, compliance with digital security requirements, constructing a person as a full subject in the system of digital society and digital economy.

Aim. Substantiation of the problem of reproductive health of Russian youth in the context of spiritual and moral values. Development of a reflexive model of quality-of-life management for the reproductive health of Russian students based on the explication of their value-semantic priorities, personal potential and for the strategy of accumulating human capital and spiritual and moral education.
Methodology. The main content of the work is the analysis of the concepts of health, reproductive health, health-related quality of life, personal potential, personal autonomy, human capital, reflexivity, reflexive model of quality of life management in relation to reproductive health. Using phenomenological, hermeneutic, conceptual approaches the problem of reproductive health of Russian youth is considered in the context of their value and semantic choice.
Results. The importance of the problem of the reproductive health of Russian youth has been updated. The need for a conceptual development of a reflexive model of quality-of-life management for the reproductive health of young people in the context of changes in their value priorities in the minds is shown.
Research implications. The work prolematizes the reproductive health of young people. Its components are conceptualized – health, quality of life in terms of reproductive health, personal potential, a reflexive model of quality-of-life management in terms of health for the strategy of accumulating human capital. The results obtained can be used in scientific and pedagogical and educational activities, for the development of educational projects on the spiritual and moral education of students, for projects on demographic, family and youth policy.

Aim. The article is devoted to the study of geopolitical triangles, which are part of the diverse relations of the emerging multipolar world. Global civilization is represented by the author’s concept of the world civilization network, where the nodes are capitals and large cities, and connecting lines show the flows of matter, energy, and information. This global network of civilization is in the process of formation, geopolitical triangles represent one of the essential ways of its self-organization.
Methodology. Geopolitical triangles are studied using the methodology of systemic and noospheric approaches, noospheric energetism, the author’s concept of the world civilization network.
Results. The ideal model of the geopolitical triangle is revealed, including the active and passive poles (countries) and the intermediary country providing interaction in the triangle. The information-semiotic (ideological), structural-energy (military-political), material (economic) levels of their functioning are highlighted. The formation of a real geopolitical triangle tends to manifest this structure, but at each given moment is determined by the current economic, political, cultural development and interaction of countries. Three types of geo-political triangles (strategic, regional, ethnic) and four additional ones for spreading the influence of individual countries or triangles are considered. It is shown that the integrity of the geopolitical triangle is formed by a common information-semiotic field in which countries are looking for common approaches to solving regional / global problems. The positive and negative modes of functioning of geopolitical triangles are investigated, it is shown that to return to normal regimes, it is necessary to search for common ground on the issues of solving current regional / global problems, goodwill, intentions of the parties to find compromises.
Research implications lies in the further formation of the doctrine of geopolitical triangles, the study of them as a way of self-organization of the world civilization network.

Aim. At present there is a tendency to profanation of some spheres of activity formerly considered sacred. Unfortunately, science has become one of them. It should also be stated that the vocation of a scientist, previously perceived as a special existential gift, a mission, is losing its original high meaning. In the presented work the reasons of disappearance of Spirit of science, its demystification are considered, one of which, in our opinion, is the loss of connection with the living tradition, which can be restored by theology as a science, which is a carrier of direct tradition and, therefore, called to become a bridge, connecting sacred and profane, breathing Spirit in modern scientific thought, offering the system of coordinates honed by centuries, based on the highest principles of morality and ethics, promoting revival of the real vocation of a scientist.
Methodology. Based on an analysis of the literature, as well as on our own experience of scholarly activity and leadership in scholarly research, the author attempts to reconsider the ideas of idealist philosophers, traditionalists, theologians and theologians from different centuries and religious traditions concerning the specific mission of scientists and the true goals of science, by demonstrating the meaning of evangelic parables and Islamic Hadiths.
Results. Studying the past through the prism of the present enables us to realize the possibility and necessity of introducing the field of values and meaning from the religious to the academic field, thanks to the intermediary role of theology as a science which helps revive the real vocation of science and gives back to science its sacred meanings.
Research implications. In article five problems which, in opinion of the author, are the cause of loss by scientists of a rank “Salt of the Earth” and “Heirs of prophets” are revealed; possibilities of theology, its spiritual and moral potential and world outlook basis in the decision of each of the specified problems are presented, and also the conditions the observance of which will allow theology to make the contribution to the restoration of original senses are considered. We believe that it is possible to extrapolate the proposed approach to other scientific fields as a special component of the general system of education of a young researcher.