Aim. To consider an utterance in the structure of critical thinking as a way of searching for the meaning of an evidential judgment in the context of the relationship between language and cognition.

Methodology. The main content of the study is to comprehend the continuum of critical thinking in its discursive manifestation. Philosophical methods of cognition were used: a systematic approach, which made it possible to update the question of the organization of human thinking, as well as a functional structural method for analyzing the model of critical thinking and a hermeneutic procedure as a way of searching for the meaning of an evidential judgment.

Results. The importance of speech utterance in the structure of critical thinking has been updated. Critical thinking in any field requires the ability to respond to a problem by asking exploratory questions and interpreting new knowledge. Critical thinking creates the feeling that knowledge is controversial and one must question third-party claims and constantly provide evidence to support arguments. The structure of critical thinking consists of information-logical, communicative-ethical, reflexive-herme neutic elements. Speech expression (written or oral) in the structure of critical thinking contributes to the development of the ability to use the correct language means, be flexible in the formulation of questions and answers, helps to get out of the information “bubble” and reconfigure irrelevant views.

Research implications. The reflective technology of teaching critical thinking is conceptualized in the context of a speech utterance, as a way of searching for the meaning of an evidence-based judgment. In the process of mastering new knowledge, it is necessary to overcome three intellectual stages of growth each time - challenge, response, reflection. The theoretical principles presented in the article are illustrated with examples from educational practices.

Aim. To analyze the epistemological status of probabilistic and statistical methodologies in modern science, including the question of finding the foundations of a way of thinking based on judgments about the probability of expected events.

Methodology. The results obtained in the course of this study are based on the methods of critical and comparative historical analysis. The interdisciplinary approach to the study of the stated topic is determined by the need to consider aspects of probability in the natural sciences and in the humanities.

Results. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the appeal to the study of probabilistic and statistical methodologies makes it possible to identify correlations between the evolution of philosophical and scientific views. And this allows us to establish additional prospects for interdisciplinarity.

Research implications. The fundamental value of the conducted research consists in demonstrating the heuristic potential of philosophical concepts of probability for the scientific study of objects characterized by instability and complexity.

Aim. To prove that in the article “Plato’s Life Drama” and in a public lecture in 1898, Solovyov summarized his reflections on Plato’s philosophy of love and formulated the foundations of his own doctrine of love.

Methodology. The article uses a number of philosophical approaches: ontological, anthropological, epistemological; principles of source analysis, philosophical comparative studies and historical and genetic methods. Historical and philosophical, comparative, contextual, and analytical methods were also used.

Results. V. S. Solovyov, in philosophical and ontological terms, showed that Plato’s Eros is an intermediate force for connecting two worlds, combining those layers of being that cannot connect by themselves. The Russian philosopher compared the mythical image of Plato’s Eros and the mystical image of Sophia, revealing common and different features in them. As a result of theoretical research, as well as on the basis of personal experience of interaction with the heavenly Virgin Sophia, Solovyov states the ontological-aesthetic and ontological-ethical meaning of love as the realization of the original world goal. According to the Russian thinker, it fully reflects the true purpose of a person, who, in his creative interaction with the natural environment, is able to embody the idea of world syzygy.

Research implications. The theoretical and/or practical significance of the research lies in the conceptualization of a little-explored trend in Solovyov’s doctrine of love, which seems extremely relevant in the light of modern cosmo-philosophical and mystical-philosophical studies of the teachings of the great Russian philosopher. The findings of the article may provide an opportunity to expand the boundaries of modern philosophical, aesthetic, ethical and cosmo-mystical discourse about the possibilities and spiritual prospects of genuine human love.

Aim. Based on philosophical methodology, to examine in detail the content of the general scientific (philosophical) categories of “space” and “time”, and give them a definition in a modern version.

Methodology. The work was carried out based on a systematic approach using methods of classification and comparative analysis.

Results. The essential features of the category of “space” are revealed: coexistence of phenomena; their interaction; extension of space; its structure. The category of “time” characterizes the existence of developing phenomena from the standpoint of duration, sequence and irreversibility. The philosophical category of “time” can be presented as a universal concept reflecting the duration of the existence of phenomena, the sequence of changes in their states, the need for their development.

Research implications. The results of the study can be used to improve the methodological competencies of both teachers of philosophical disciplines and students.

Aim. To consider an utterance in the structure of critical thinking as a way of searching for the meaning of an evidential judgment in the context of the relationship between language and cognition.

Methodology. The main content of the study is to comprehend the continuum of critical thinking in its discursive manifestation. Philosophical methods of cognition were used: a systematic approach, which made it possible to update the question of the organization of human thinking, as well as a functionalstructural method for analyzing the model of critical thinking and a hermeneutic procedure as a way of searching for the meaning of an evidential judgment.

Results. The importance of speech utterance in the structure of critical thinking has been updated. Critical thinking in any field requires the ability to respond to a problem by asking exploratory questions and interpreting new knowledge. Critical thinking creates the feeling that knowledge is controversial and one must question third-party claims and constantly provide evidence to support arguments. The structure of critical thinking consists of information-logical, communicative-ethical, reflexive-hermeneutic elements. Speech expression (written or oral) in the structure of critical thinking contributes to the development of the ability to use the correct language means, be flexible in the formulation of questions and answers, helps to get out of the information “bubble” and reconfigure irrelevant views.

Research implications. The reflective technology of teaching critical thinking is conceptualized in the context of a speech utterance, as a way of searching for the meaning of an evidence-based judgment. In the process of mastering new knowledge, it is necessary to overcome three intellectual stages of growth each time - challenge, response, reflection. The theoretical principles presented in the article are illustrated with examples from educational practices.

Aim. To consider the contribution of N. M. Gersevanov, a Russian engineer, to the practice of proof and justification of engineering projects. The author argues that Gersevanov’s approach was innovative for its time, because when classical logic was experiencing a certain crisis and mathematical logic and its novel approaches had not won the trust of specialists yet, the Russian engineer was the first to turn to formulas of logic algebra and apply them in structural analysis.

Methodology. The article uses the method of retrospective analysis of sources, as well as methods of modern mathematical logic.

Results. The result of the work is analysis of deductive inference schemes presented by the author. These schemes were translated by Gersevanov into the formalized language of mathematical logic of Louis Couture and used as the basis for the proof of stability of hydraulic structures. 

Research implications. The article has applied and some theoretical significance. Its conclusions can be used to study the stages of development of domestic science and technology, logic and structural mechanics.

Aim. To study new religious movements and their comparative analysis. 

Methodology. The analytical method is used to study the characteristics of new religious movements (NRM), their structure and principles of teaching. The comparative method is used to compare NRM of Eastern, Western and Russian origin, the main criterion for their dividing is a social-geographical feature. These methods allow us to analyze the features of such teachings as Baha'i, New Age, Scientology and Agni Yoga. And also on the basis of comparative analysis, to show how NRM data reflect the specifics of Eastern, Western, and Russian thinking despite the trends of universal globalization and unification of culture, mentality, and worldview.

Results. The author identifies three main types of NRM – of Eastern, Western and Russian origin. All types have common features such as syncretism, eclecticism, focus on individual self-improvement and spiritual growth. However, the eastern type is aimed at uniting traditional religions, the Western type, on the contrary, challenges traditional religious consciousness, while the Russian type represents the middle path of development of NRM.

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the article is in forming understanding of the connections of NRM and their origin, their impact on human consciousness and society. The practical significance lies in the fact that, based on the study, practical steps are proposed in relation to society and the state towards NRM to avoid, on the one hand, extremism, on the other, excessive control.

Aim. Consider the images of mother, father and family as integral components of the syncretic dual image of the Motherland / Fatherland.

Methodology. To study this issue, general and specific scientific methods are used including deduction and induction, analysis, synthesis, generalization, philosophical and historical analysis, and hermeneutics.

Results. The work updates the idea of the importance of the basic archetype images of Mother, Father and Family for the development of the phenomenon of patriotism.

Research implications. The results of the study prove that patriotism is a complex cultural and historical phenomenon, the development of which began in prehistoric times and continues to this day. At the same time, the archetypal images underlying it not only do not lose their significance, but, on the contrary, strengthen it.

Aim. To reflect the specifics of the phenomenon of authority, its significance in history, its manifestation in different eras. To analyze the perception by society of the dominant functions through which submission to leaders was manifested in the old days. To update the reason for the transformation of the phenomenon of authority in modern times. To identify the inextricable connection between society and the emergence of the phenomenon of authority.

Methodology. The final conclusions of the article are based on the principles of, first, philosophical, general scientific, and then interdisciplinary approach. The materials of the article are examined through comparative analysis from the prism of perception of the interpretation of the phenomenon of authority in philosophy, politics, religious studies, as well as authors of antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the present day.

Results. Factors have been identified that indicate a continuous connection between society and the emergence of the phenomenon of authority, and the danger of deprivation of this phenomenon through the digital world and Internet communications. Using reliable sources, the risks of global problems in modern society are identified, when public trust, recognition, imitation and the authority phenomenon itself are focused not on a living carrier of information as an expert in the field of study or a confirmed specialist, but rather on digital virtual personalities , artificial voice assistants, artificial intelligence, which places the entire social practice into the Internet space which might create humanitarian risks of historically shaped human values and life goal priorities.

Research implications. The article describes the features of the development of the phenomenon of authority, its perception by society of different times, and the transformation of the object of the phenomenon with the coming of any new era. The necessity of living social communication in society is proven as the basis for human development and humanitarian value in society. Attention is also focused on the loss of the values, historically established throughout centuries, that are the basis for development and progress of humanity.

Aim. By analyzing the contradictions visible today in Gogol’s description of Russian roads, to formulate the “Gogol’s paradox” and use it to analyze the meaning of roads in the Russian management system in the Gogol era and today, in a situation of threats and challenges associated with digitalization.

Methodology. The research is deeply interdisciplinary and is carried out using a set of general scientific and narrowly interdisciplinary approaches and methods, among which the central place is occupied by systemic, dialectical, semiotic and holistic methods, as well as the method of identifying and analyzing paradoxes.

Results. It is demonstrated that the contradiction in Gogol’s description of roads arises in our era due to a change in the meaning and cybernetic purpose of roads resulting from progressive digitalization. It is shown that the ongoing social-technogenic changes can be described in the optics of the concept of chronotope. It is noted that these changes were anticipated in the Russian culture, which proposed the Digital Earth and an alternative signless management architecture.

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the obtained result lies in the reconstruction of the place of the road in the creation of the national chronotope of Russia, in the establishment of the existence of signless information carriers and in the possibility of their practical use in management systems. The practical result is associated with the extreme urgency of Russia’s development in the situation of the struggle for the global dominance of a new network-centric management paradigm based on the Digital Earth, and in the revision of the national chronotope.

Aim. To reflect the problematic field arising at the intersection of ontology and social theory, the overcoming of which is required for a philosophical understanding of modern social reality.

Methodology.  The research is based on the principles of dialectics and regulative rules of logical sociology. The creation of the article was preceded by methodical work with sources and a philosophical analysis of the language and key concepts associated with the study of consciousness. The introduction of visualization into theoretical constructions is carried out by referring to phenomenological examples. The hypothetical-deductive style of reasoning in this work is determined by the need to detect conceptual triggers and to highlight the problematic facets of the philosophy of mind in the context of the analysis of modern society.

Results. The article raises the problem of the influence of the way of life of the modern post-industrial society on the consciousness of people. A preliminary terminological analysis of concepts related to the philosophy of consciousness and necessary for solving conceptual problems in the field of understanding the cognitive factors of the existence of social reality is carried out. Starting from the idea of “an organ of common feeling” and up to the theory of “single working space”, the genesis of the formation of the semantic content of the concept of consciousness as a synthetic ability that forms the integrity and coherence of mental experience is considered at key points. The main difficulties of understanding what consciousness is in the context of general scientific and socio-philosophical knowledge, such as the lack of a comprehensive theory of information and the nature of subjective experience, are touched upon. In this regard, attention will be especially focused on the socio-political consequences of extrapolation of the conclusions of the supporters of computer functionalism for social practice. Ultimately, the authors seek to emphasize the importance of further developing the understanding of the dialectics of individual and social consciousness in the new realities of the modern world.

Research implications. Classically, the problem of consciousness is a subject lying in the field of ontology and epistemology. In this article, we reflected its acute socio-philosophical aspect, which cannot be ignored when comprehending modern social reality.

Aim. To reflect on the formation of a social-philosophical approach to understanding ergodesign.

Methodology. The main initial scientific knowledge was drawn from the research of the Bryansk Scientific and Philosophical School of Socio-technological Development of the world, based on interdisciplinary, systemic, social-technological, historical and ergocentric approaches, as well as general scientific methods.

Results. The development of ergodesign is a process reflecting the desire to create harmonious, safe and functional objects of the subject-spatial environment that meet the requirements of the modern stage of socio-technological development of society. Integrating the achievements of ergonomics and design into a single approach allows you to create innovative solutions that correspond to sociotechnological reality. The complex design activity underlying ergodesign ensures a high level of quality and functionality of new developments, making them in demand both at the Russian and international levels.

Research implications. The research creates a social-philosophical approach to understanding ergodesign as a process of designing harmonious subject-spatial social-technological and natural environments of life.

Aim. To consider the ideas of transhumanism not as a movement declaring the possibility and necessity of fundamental changes in human nature based on scientific achievements, but as ideas for human improvement within the framework of an eco-philosophical, life-preserving and life-creative approach.

Methodology. To study this issue, general and specific scientific methods are used including deduction and induction, analysis, synthesis, generalization, philosophical and historical analysis, and hermeneutics.

Results. The analysis allows us to emphasize the idea that technologies and scientific achievements have an exclusively instrumental function. However, achieving the desired future of humanity is possible only through changing the axiological guidelines of the rational-technological paradigm of modern society to the values and regulations of the new eco-philosophical paradigm.

Research implications. The results of the study prove that transhumanism is a complex worldview phenomenon with a rich ideological component that does not tolerate unambiguous assessments.

Aim. To analyze the essence and interaction of types of labor – free and forced – as a factor of humanization of labor activity in the post-industrial world.

Methodology. Through the implementation of the activity method and the method of institutionalization, transformations in the nature and organization of labor, the natural interaction of labor institutions and social activities in modern society are revealed.

Results. The tendency of humanization of labor as a characteristic of post-industrial society is substantiated. Its development is based on the contradictory construct of “free-forced” labor, expressing changes in the labor activity. At the same time, the preservation of modern civilization in the positions of labor-centrism is distinguished by its shift towards proper social activity, the emergence of the phenomenon of “social and labor employment” generalizing human activity.

Research implications. The research asserts the phenomenon of labor as a decisive factor in the development of the post-industrial world.