Аim. To consider the ontological and epistemological essence of a reasonable way of logical thinking. Methodology. In conducting the study, the authors used a dialectical approach and methods of systems analysis. Results. The essential meanings of the nature of reason are indicated: it is a product of the evolution of the dialectical unity of the mental and objective-practical human activity; mind is a mind that directly reflects the properties of objective reality, starting in its activity from empirical single facts; its task is to allow rational thinking to provide definitions that are stable in content. Mind is the mind of a categorical abstract form, i.e. to search for truth, he uses the principle of the dialectical unity of the universal, the general and the individual. Research implications. The conducted research helps to understand the specifics of a reasonable way of logical thinking and can be used in the process of teaching philosophical disciplines.

Aim. To comprehend the myth as a rational phenomenon in the context of a post-scientist worldview, the search for a new type of rationality and a new model of the relationship between scientific and non-scientific knowledge. Such an understanding of the myth becomes possible in the situation of the revaluation of the classical hyper-rationalism ideals and formation of a new paradigm of gnoseological pluralism in epistemology. Methodology. Modern concepts of rationality, myth, and non-scientific knowledge provide the theoretical and methodological basis for the research. Results. The main result of the research is the justification of the modern tendency to legitimize the myth as a form of rationality, along with other “non-scientific” mental phenomena. Research implications. The results of the research make a theoretical contribution to modern theory of cognition, philosophy of science and philosophy of myth.

The third part of the article presents the socio-philosophical refraction, together with the philosophical-psychological, of the ontological paradigm of Rubinstein. Aim. To show that thanks to the invaluable «tool» of personal being - consciousness - the person acquires a contradictory, but creative attitude to life. The concept of contradiction is a necessary element of consciousness. It is an important mechanism of the person’s adaptation in the worl. Methodology. In the research the historical, comparative, axiological and teleological, as well as the complex, systemic approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon of consciousness are used. Results. The value role of consciousness as the basis of creativity is revealed; the conclusion is made on its axiological function as a special way of human existence. Research implications. Theoretical significance of the study lies in a detailed, grounded philosophical presentation of consciousness as a value component of the persons being in the world. Practical implication of the research lies in the psychological analysis of the problem - a part of the presented study, which helps an individual to find answers to the questions of the meaning of his life.

Aim. To study the issues of the problem field and the modern historiographic situation of studying the cultural policy of the Soviet state in the 20s of the XXth century. Methodology. The work was performed on the basis of system analysis taking into account the interdisciplinary research perspective. Results. The author expresses the idea of the need for further research on the topic outside the ideological clichés and stereotypes, which is possible on the theoretical and methodological basis of an updated version of the unitary-stage approach to history. Research implications. The article reveals a new theoretical perspective of scientific research on the cultural policy of the Soviet state and the cultural revolution in the 20s of the twentieth century.

Aim. To compare the views of Vasily Rozanov and Werner Heisenberg on the essence and possibilities of scientific understanding of nature. Methodology. The article provides a comparative analysis of Rozanov’s doctrine of understanding, developed by him in the works of the 1880s and 1890s, and Heisenberg’s philosophical works. Special attention is paid to the question of the reality of object of understanding and to relation of object and subject of understanding. Results. A significant similarity was revealed in the conclusions of Rozanov and Heisenberg regarding the essence of understanding of nature as the detection of rational structures of the world - the structures which have a special mode of existence as a potential being. It is shown, that both thinkers consider the understanding of nature to presuppose the discovery of hidden expediency which is in complementary relationship with causal determination. Research implications. The research results can be used to solve the problems of modern epistemology and methodology of science.

Aim. To compare the philosophical systems of M. Bakhtin and K. Malevich, identifying the isomorphism of their basic conceptual constructions. Methodology. In solving the research problem, historical, ideographic, nomothetic, comparative analysis methods are used; hermeneutic interpretation and psycho-philosophical portraiture procedures are applied. Results. The respective analysis shows that Bakhtin and Malevich’s early philosophy refers to the special cultural field the “Vitebsk time” as a special philosophical and cultural phenomenon (the chronotope) of the development of the national philosophy of the early 1920-s. Research implications. The results of the study demonstrate an attempt to rethink the principle of the historical periodization and classification of the early philosophical heritage of Bakhtin and Malevich using the chronotop paradigm - historical, value-semantic understanding of the cultural phenomena.

Aim. To reveal the methodological features of Russian religious philosophy, to analyze such basic methods for Russian philosophical culture as phenomenological and existential. Methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of the principles of historical and philosophical research (historicism, ideological and theoretical continuity, concreteness), and systemic approach. Results. It is the phenomenological and existential methods of Russian religious philosophy that considering in profound and different ways the issues of the subject and object of cognition; the subject of philosophical knowledge, and the issue of its truth in general, solve the common problem - cognition of «true being», the transcendental divine principle through which the meaning of personal existence can be revealed. Synthesizing these methods with mystical experience, Russian thinkers moved along the path of creating “integral knowledge” within the Christian paradigm. Research implications. The study of the deep methodological phenomena of Russian religious thought presupposes further development of religious and philosophical knowledge, and the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the synthesis of rationalistic, phenomenological and mystical methods of cognition may help in understanding the ways of development of modern science.

Aim. Consider the ethical concept of V. G. Gorokhov, one of the most prominent representatives of the philosophy of technology at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. Methodology. The method of analysis, synthesis, reconstruction and a comparatively-historical method were used in the research. The help of the methods made it possible to identify the evolution of ethical problems in the Gorohov`s studies. The original texts were used to conduct the research. Results. The study shows that the new technocracy direction as a social assessment of technology plays the important role. It is a transdisciplinary subject that involves the natural, technical and humanitarian knowledge combination. Research implications. The study helps to understand the modern stage specific development of the philosophy of technology, its problems, recommendations and findings.

Аim. To analyze the specifics of using the methodological regulatives of the mechanistic world outlook in the social sciences of the New time. Methodology. At the beginning, the author considers the peculiarities of the formation of the mechanistic paradigm, then determines the main semantic lines of reduction in mechanism. In the end, the presence of mechanism in the key concepts of the social sciences of the time is revealed. In the process of research, a variety of theoretical methods were used: abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis, and synthesis. Results. The internal immanent contradictions in the mechanistic worldview and main types of their solution are revealed; the idea of radical dualism as an immanent ingredient of the mechanistic worldview is substantiated. The uncritical transfer of the mechanistic methodology into social sciences has resulted in the transfer of the reductionist ontology into them and, thus, to the formation of theoretical «chimeras». Research implications. The study helps to detail the theoretical picture of the features of the general scientific methodology of that time and to set the necessary accents.

Aim. To substantiate the existence in modern science of a variety of truth criteria for different levels and types of scientific knowledge. Methodology. The description of the level structure of any particular science scientific knowledge is given; the content of the main structural units of each level of scientific knowledge is analyzed; the criteria for the truth of each level and its structural units are reconstructed. Results. It is shown that in real science there is no universal criterion of truth for all levels and units of scientific knowledge, and that the criteria for the truth of scientific knowledge are as concrete as scientific knowledge itself. Research implications. The theoretical significance of the results obtained consists in a deeper understanding of the specific nature of scientific truths, and the practical significance - in the development of a more effective method for establishing the truth of various structural units of scientific knowledge.

Aim. To consider the axiological features of the value study of the technological processes of modern society as a broad socio-historical and cultural process, affecting all areas of modern society and affecting them differently. To achieve it, individual and social phenomena associated with the processes of technologization were analyzed and it was revealed that they have a very wide axiological range, from extremely positive assessments and research enthusiasm for ongoing processes, to extreme negativity and eschatological forecasts associated with these processes. Methodology. The study was carried out on the basis of mutual complement of axiological and sociocultural approaches. The first was used in the exposure of the value spectrum of modern studies of this problem, the second showed the complexity and diachronicity of the social and cultural development of modern society. Results. The analysis showed that such a wide axiological spectrum indicates, firstly, the high significance of the problem and, secondly, the axiological uncertainty. The reflection of technicalization, which has the widest estimated spectrum, clearly indicates that society itself does not understand in what way to treat the significant changes taking place in it. Research implications. The knowledge about the features of the processes of the information society is expanded and incremented.

Rewiew of the book: Ilyin V. V., Lebedev S. A., Gubman B. L. Introduction to philosophy: textbook / ed. S. A. Lebedev. Moscow: Prospect Publ., 2019. 368 p.