The article considers logical and procedur-al aspects of legal reasoning, the task and the purpose of reasoning at criminal legal proceedings, the ratio and interrelation of the concepts «logical» and «procedural» reasoning. The designation of a broad range of prob-lems concerning gathering, verification and evaluation of factual data allows the author to reveal the internal structure of the evidence. The whole process of proof is considered step by step. The author identifies and explains such concepts as "legal reasoning in criminal cases", "collecting evidence", "verification of proofs", "evaluation of evidence", "relevance of evidence", "ad-missibility of evidence", "sufficient evidence", "burden of proof".

The paper considers the problem of form-ing integrity of modern thinking which is directly con-nected with the fundamental sources of meaning. His-torical and philosophical covering of the holistic view of the world is given. The author reveals the reasons for revival of human civilization's sacred sources at a high-er level of development. Integrity is shown as harmony from philosophical and psychological point of view. At present holistic vision is realized in postmodern think-ing.

The article considers historical conscious-ness in connection with different stages of reflecting on the historical. The concept of historical consciousness is thoroughly specified. It is inferred that full-fledged historical consciousness possesses both cognitive and moral-practical sides. It is due to the latter that histori-cal consciousness is capable of reaching beyond the limits of self-interpretation. «Historical» is understood as natural and objective in the development of society, and as a specific human ability to create knowledge of special kind.

The article attempts at outlining the range of problems which are promising for the study of ideol-ogy. An approach is suggested to the analysis of this phenomenon. The analysis is based on the concept of social construction of reality by P. Berger and T. Luck-mann. The key idea of the concept is reification which involves productive scientific research into ideology.

This article deals with political and cultural features of the Russian society and state. The author considers the development of the Russian society, shows the relations between the public and political au-thority and reflects on the role of the State in social and political life of the nation, which was specified by Rus-sian philosophers of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The spiritual bases of the Russian state system and the features of the Russian national character rooted in sob-ornost', the Truth and justice are analyzed in the light of their modern transformations caused by the Russian society's orientation to western patterns.

From the standpoint of the social philo-sophical analysis the paper investigates the key sub-jects of «neoliberal» globalization which play a leading role in shaping the «new world order» as a system for preserving economic, political and social inequalities and increasing a gap between the «poor South» (the countries of «global periphery») and the «rich North» (economically developed states of the West («world centre») led by the USA). Particular attention is paid to danger and threats facing post-soviet Russia.

The article describes some general con-cepts of the future of urban civilization in science and beyond (fiction, utopia) paying special attention to the concepts of the future city generated within a utopian direction of social life modeling in science fiction and futurology. The authors introduce new concepts («ghost town», «stronghold city», «chaos city», «supermarket city», «anthill city») allowing of deducing the future of cities from current trends in social development. The authors conclude that it is necessary to form a synthetic vision of the future of «urban civilization».

The article provides ontological analysis of the impact of social space-time phenomenon on every-day life. The authors reveal the philosophical function of social space-time, the role of chronotope in the forma-tion of a world picture. The transformations of space-time concepts at different stages of human develop-ment are researched on the basis of their historical and philosophical reconstruction. A comparative analysis of physical and social space-time is carried out in terms of modern science achievements. The main characteris-tics and levels of social space-time of a contemporary human-being are identified. The factors are marked making up a new space-time environment for daily be-ing of the individual and the society.

The article reveals a theological aspect of family problem comprehension in Russian philosophy in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th centuries, which considerably expands and makes deeper the scope of perception of family problems, exposes theological roots of the family, its sense and function. Deeper understanding of the essence of the family phenomenon is formed through theological examination of the family made by theological philosophers of the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th centuries. The article defines spiritual foundations of the family rooted in home philosophical tradition that allows of providing human's viability in the present world.

The article reports historical and philo-sophical reconstruction of N.N. Alekseev's Eurasian views on state and law which allows of their multi-as-pect consideration. The integrity of the reconstructed Eurasian concept was provided by the analysis of two interrelated parts: the Eurasian doctrine of law and the Eurasian doctrine of state. State is considered through the unity of genetic (state as the «alliance of the world»), moral («state of the truth»), religious («orthodox state»), praxeological (the state of «people's will») aspects.

The article presents a philosophical analy-sis of F.A. Stepun's views on social revolution in Russia in the early 20th century. It is noted that F.A. Stepun's concept of revolution examines this phenomenon from the standpoint of spiritual culture, the struggle of ideas and ideologies, which differs greatly from Marxist vision of the problem. The article reveals the basic ideas of F.A. Stepun's theory such as the nature of social revolu-tion, mechanisms for its implementation, driving forces, counter-revolution emerging, post-revolutionary con-sciousness, etc. The research allows of stating that F.A. Stepun saw the main cause of the revolution in splitted national consciousness.

This article describes the main aspects of Ye.N. Trubetskoy's philosophical concept of «onto-logical symbolism» which was the part of metaphysi-cal «ontology of light» in Russian religious philosophy of the 19th - 20th centuries. Particular attention is paid to symbolic meaning and interpretation of the divine as reflected in the Old Russian iconography. The idea of light in the «ontological symbolism» by Ye.N. Trubet-skoy is presented in the context of symbolic meaning of the variety of colors and different artistic techniques ab-sorbing the fullness of divine energy. According to Ye.N. Trubetskoy being the ultimate symbol of the Orthodoxy an icon is a prototype of «the coming temple human-ity» and plays an important ontological, axiological and epistemological role in contemplation of the noncreated light and spiritual enlightenment of the Orthodox people.

This paper is devoted to extremely compli-cated evolution of ideological and philosophical views of the great Russian philosopher S.N. Bulgakov. The inter-action of such phenomena and categories as 'culture' and 'civilization' was the central issue of his works. In spite of the fact that there are plenty of interpretations of these categories in different theories the problem still holds up-to-date significance. The author focuses on the core of Bulgakov's views which states that civilization is no more than a "tool" for realizing human's creative abilities, whereas more complicated and more important social and political circumstances should be trusted in culture. The author of the paper analyzed many sides of the categories "culture" and "creation" developed in Bulgakov's works, including economic activity, the evo-lution of his views on art and etc., because at the end of his life Bulgakov returned to religion and revised practi-cally all his ideas of the world as such.

The article presents philosophical thinking on such an important event in the Russian history as the Patriotic War of 1812. The author interprets this social phenomenon in different ways. Focusing on the philo-sophical foundations of the Patriotic War, the author pays attention to the nature, objective and subjective reasons, and essential aims of the war, the role of the individual and masses, material and spiritual factors, as well as political, spiritual and social consequences. The emergence of Slavophilism - religious and philosophi-cal direction of the Russian social thought - is the most important outcome of interpreting the Patriotic War of 1812.

Justice is considered as a category of phil-osophical continuum. The author describes the ways how justice is interpreted in various philosophical doc-trines through revelation of praxiological aspects of the "justice" category. Special attention is paid to the fact that the main method of justice realization is its transla-tion from one person to another: by teaching the princi-ples of justice, one's own example, encouraging one's own understanding of morality and justice. The sense of justice maintenance is guaranteed by the environ-ment that shares the sense of justice and obedience to church or state ideology.

The paper highlights and analyses the main ideas of B.N. Chicherin's theory of civil society development, its structure and functioning. The author focuses on the philosopher's liberally conservative views. The conclusions of the thinker are still consid-ered vital for contemporary theory and practice. Some of Chicherin's disputable arguments are commented from the point of view of modern scientific condition and public life. The research is done on both conceptual and ontological levels.

The article systematizes and analyzes the philosophical argument on the origin and purpose of human existence in the works of Cappadocian school thinkers, philosophical systems of antiquity and early Christian heritage. The doctrine of the Cappadocians concerning humans is a way to agree on the matters of reason and paradoxes of faith, a combined study of man and the world in terms of providential teleology. Teleological anthropocentrism and teleological view of the world are essential for all thinkers and laid the ba-sis of historical and metaphysical teleology for medieval mentality.

The article provides the view of the Rus-sian 19th century philosopher A.A. Kozlov on the moral potential of historical and philosophical knowledge in reaching a socially important goal - spiritual and moral education of a person. To achieve this A.A. Kozlov de-veloped his own methodology (using mainly the method of a dialogue) within panpsychism philosophical theory. According to A.A. Kozlov's doctrine the presence of the Truth embodied in a uniform Supreme substance is a necessary condition for human's spiritual and moral de-velopment.

The paper is devoted to Tibetan Buddhism and the Russian religious beliefs interaction. The author considers various structural levels of Buddhism and re-ligious beliefs of Russians and draws a conclusion that Russian people's religiousness was of great practical value for the purpose of survival. The cooperation of Buddhist and Russian cultures proved the former pos-sessing high adaptive qualities. The Buddhist ideas penetrated into the Buryat culture which was character-ized by patriarchal religiousness in the form of natural and ancestral cults. Lamaism became one of the tools providing Russian-Buryat interaction as it offered not dogmatic, but simple means to solve the problems of natural and social adaptation. Eventually by the 19th century the Trans-Baikal religious space was formed as a sophisticatedly organized area which included along with the Orthodoxy archaic and traditional worship, sha-manism, regional variations of Lamaism and religious beliefs of the Russian-speaking population.

The article describes a conceptual model of methods to obtain knowledge used in computer sci-ence and geoinformatics. It is shown that geoinformat-ics is a formal derivative of computer science. However, because of the field of its application and development geoinformatics began to complement computer science methodologically. Thus, the ways of acquiring knowl-edge in both areas complement rather than duplicate each other. Geoinformatics explores spatial relation-ships that computer science does not study. The mech-anism of georeference is marked as a specific vehicle for obtaining knowledge on the basis of spatial relation-ships. A new multi-level conceptual model of knowledge acquisition DIMKC is presented in opposition to DIKW model.

The article considers the development of the concept of 'information', its contemporary signifi-cance and current state of information theory. It ana-lyzes the foundations of information theory embodied in the works by C.E. Shannon. The authors analyze the model of an information message which was introduced by C.E. Shannon. N. Winner and L. Floridi's approaches to the model of information message are considered. Disadvantages and limitations of Shannon's model are revealed. L. Floridi and other authors' suggestions for creating a semantic theory of information are studied. Current problems and principles of semantic theory of information development are revealed.

The article carries out a historical recon-struction and analysis of the concept «system» at dif-ferent stages of the development of science, since the introduction of this term and ending with the modern system methodology and principles of synergetics. The author studies the changes in subject-object relations in scientific research. The relevance of the topic is due to the research interest in complex systems in sciences and humanities. On the basis of philosophical and sci-entific data it is concluded that the use and development of complex system approach is required in solving the urgent problems of modern science.

The article deals with some general issues of information processing. The object of the analysis is an information message. A new model of message (in-formation) processing is described. It includes primary and secondary information processing. The message processing includes primary processing and algorithmic transformation interpretation. The model includes multi-ple levels of processing. The article shows the difference between the levels of handling and processing steps at each level. The difference is shown between interpreta-tion and algorithmic processing in the aspect of changes in information content and between interpretation and algorithmic processing in the aspect of uniqueness and ambiguity of the result of processing. The ways of obtaining the results of information processing (knowl-edge, sense) can be numerous. This model allows of obtaining different senses from the original message.

The paper is concerned with philosophi-cal and methodological aspects of NBIC-convergence which is understood as an entity combining nano-, bio-, information and cognitive technologies as well as an-thropological and social aspects of their development and influence on technical and scientific knowledge. It is shown that the concept of technological convergence reflects the fundamental peculiarity of the modern pe-riod of scientific and technical knowledge, which is real-ized in integration of particular scientific areas, interdis-ciplinary interaction and systemic research methods.