Being and non-being are the initial categories of philosophy as
the form of social consiousness. Being and non-being should be regarded in two
aspects: as direct presence of really-objective world supposing it itself, and as
reflection of this world in the human consciousness. Complicacy of understanding
of Being is connected with the fact, that Being has no its predicate. It
means that it cannot be determined. It can be distinguished (marked out) only as
the initial category of philosophy. It is possible to do it only through its opposition
- non-being. Against the background of categories Being and non-being all
the space of theoretical understanding of the world displays itself. Non-being
and Being are opposites, where Being can appear in the role of non-being. Realizing
itsels, Being does contain potential side of non-being in its structure, which
is the condition of Being and on the contrary: non-being is the condition of appearance
of Being must contain a side of Being. The side of Being appears here as
potential condition of the appearance of Non-being.

The main feature of a problem of time is its complex character. It
is expressed, first of all, that time is interdisciplinary object of studying. Time
problem continues to be put differently depending on level of a structure of a matter,
i.e. according to the thesis: to each level of a matter - the time. In the èpistemology
this thesis reveals as follows: any science can realise the own program of
studying of time. As a result it is possible to speak about programs of studying of
time in the physicist, chemistry, biology, geology, cultural science, the logician
etc. Given work is devoted the culturological program of development of time. The
culturological program of development of time focuses the researcher on revealing
of specific properties of time and space, characteristic only for society. Usually as
the first among such properties irreversibility of time which is the fundamental
characteristic of human culture acts.

At enough developed stages of development of a human society human
informative activity began to be made out in the form of programs. Such programs
appeared in the field of knowledge, however the purpose had the practical.
Their occurrence on time well co-ordinates with the advent of philosophy. Each of
the first philosophical ontologies also was such program of ontologic type. The program
is a set of the theoretical, methodological and practical installations directed
on achievement of some accurately stipulated purpose. Depending on sphere of application
the program can be world outlook, methodological, gnoseological, epistemological
and practical. The majority of the programs generated in the field of
philosophy, represent world outlook, gnoseological and epistemological programs.
The great interest represents a question on a parity of alternative programs and on
the reasons of a priority of this or that program.

The article analyses the influence of modern society ethics on conceptualization
of human rights conception in international law. As a result of interaction
and mutual influence of international legal system and sociocultural
features of different regions, human rights being the major measure of human dimension
of modern worlds contradictory processes, on the one hand, determines
its own multiple-vector development, and, on the other hand, shapes the direction
of law evolution.

The problem of identity has been always essential for our society.
Every person identifies himself in some way. Z. Fried founded one of the approaches
to the problem of identification - psychoanalysis. Other explorers investigate
this problem from different positions. The author of the article comes to the conclusion
that personal identity is a very difficult and changing phenomenon nowadays.
Its evident that we have deal with confusion of identity which is determined
by language, social status and many other factors.

The indispensability of research of alternative valuable systems as
phenomenon of a public life is dictated by its value in relation to the transformations
proceeding not only in Russia but also all over the world. Valuable systems
acts as one of the basic conditions and as result of economic, political, social and
spiritual transformations in society. It is called up to design the most effective
conditions for development of democracy, patriotism, individualism, nationalism,
feminism, fundamentalism, etc. As well as formations of environment in which
there are variations of base public colleges and adaptation institutional innovations.
Shown through diverse social processes, transformation of valuable systems
depends from deep and differently modifications of value -normative structures
of mass consciousness and models of political and social and economic behavior of
people. In article the problem of revealing of alternative valuable systems which
represent results of gynecological judgments of the social validity is considered
and assist definition of essence and a content of the given social phenomenon. The
various bases on allocation of alternative valuable systems are offered, author's
definition of valuable system is given, conductors of alternative valuable systems
are offered.

Theoretical and applied aspects of a mass communication as phenomenon
and process are considered. The substantiation of concepts communication,
mass communication and mass media as interconnected phenomena
is given. The system organization of a mass communication and prospects of its
development in connection with social inquiries of a modern society is studied.

In article modern socially-philosophical interpretation of concept
risk and its specific features in political sphere, with use of statistical researches
of position in the Russian society is presented. The question on the insufficient
account the basic determinants of risk of modern Russia - «historical» mentality
is considered.

The author shows the significance of civilizational paradigms in
historylogy in updating unitary-phased the approach which doesnt distinguish
different types of societies from a society in general, being «the unique subject of
history». Meanwhile it is necessary to take into consideration that the mankind as
the agent of historical process is subdivided into set of the historical units deserving
specialized studying. Interpreting a civilization as the effective tool of existence
reproduction, the author supports the unity of a productive contour of the
mankind which is based on active invariants.

according to authors opinion the mathematical knowledge appears
as unity of two kinds of mathematical activity. The first - working out of the abstract,
conceptual schemes expressed by resources of formalized languages. The
second - test, application of freely created abstract-logic constructions. As criterion
of adequacy of mathematical knowledge products, not skilled contemplation,
and the general fruitfulness of freely created abstract schemes the aprioristic intuition
serves in scientific activity not.

The article focuses its attention upon the issues of the degree of influence
of natural-climate factors on the socio-economic and political development
of Russia. The key differences of the basic parameters of the capitalistic evolution
in Western Europe and in Russia are shown. The delay of the civil society development
and a strong power of a red tape are well analyzed.

In article the intercultural communications realised on vertical
(morals, traditions, rituals, verbal and nonverbal communications) and horizontal
(military operations, trade, tourism, a scientific exchange) directions of historical
development of society are considered. In this work features of modern process of
intercultural communications in a format of global transformation of public system
are analyzed. To each culture the mechanism of selection, selection thanks to
which it as though filters a public life, is inherent in an expert, leaving as cultural
samples, standards, canons only some elements. They become the general and in a
certain measure obligatory for all members of a social generality. The culture is
formed by various methods and the ways embodying mentality, national spirit,
essence of the person and mankind. Cultural phenomena of various ethnoses cooperate,
are enriched, change. Attempts to change culture a violent way, besides
the selection mechanism are indicative, without the account of originality of culture
to introduce in it new progressive elements. Such way destroys integrity of
culture, its internal interrelations. Public reproduction includes reproduction of
the person, all system of public relations, including technological and organizational.
The culture represents process of public reproduction and development of
the person as the subject of versatile social activity and public relations. The type
of culture expressing a place and value of culture in ability to live of a society is
connected with each type of public reproduction. Consideration of interaction of
cultural types on vertical and horizontal axes of social space and time is the new
approach in studying of intercultural communications in the global world.

The problems concerning the appearing and development of cult
reality as a special type of social interaction are under study in the article. The
author uses the methodology of social construction offered by P. Bergman and T.
Lukman to investigate the phenomenon of cult socialization. Cult reality appears
in the course of the specific procedure of secondary socialization that is defined by
the author as cult alternation. This type of social construction of reality demands
re-socialization. The cult reality, though seems to be intersubjective reality, must
be objective not only in the individual conciosness (of an adept of a cult), but must
be shared with other people as well. It is because of intersubjectivity that cult as a
feeling of worship is able to consolidate as a special structure of social reality and
to transform everyday life into cult reality. The peculiarity of cult socialization is
that in the process of it there is a replacement of usual meanings of objects in the
persons everyday life into alternative cult ones, while they get new senses as a
result. Real objects in persons cult conciousness are internalized and become cult
objects. The author defines this process as cult alternation

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the interaction in evolution
of the culture from insignificant interaction in Primitive culture, the first
attempt of religious comparativism in Antiquity, intense dialogue at transition
to the Middle Ages, religious intolerance of the Middle Ages and open struggle
against Reformation of the Renaissance, which has led to decline of Catholicism,
to papacy crisis at New Times and to renovation of Christianity in the end of the
XIX-th century, its readiness for dialogue with other religions at the present time.
As a result author comes to the conclusion about key role of religious interactions
in evolution of the culture and religion.

In the article on extensive factological material, being guided by
realities, the author shows discrepancy of social organization technologies in
such areas of civilization as Europe and Russia. Summarizing the arguments, it
is possible to come to conclusion that as a reference point of cultivation of public
processes in Europe acts the consensuality and tolerance fastened on the fulfilled
regulations of the statement and carrying out of legal national will; contrast to
it in Russia patrimoniality takes place, patriarchal type of rule, determined by
voluntaristic, democratic unconsolidated way of power departure (acceptance and
carrying out civil significant decisions).

This article is devoted to the problem of understanding of personality
concept in papers of Vladimir Lossky. Losskys personality concept is discussed
in comparison with doctrine of the Church Fathers of the 4th centure. The author
gives definitions to concepts essence (ουσία) and hypostasis (υπόστασις) and compares
ways of their use in works of the Church Fathers and papers of Lossky. On
the basis of it, the author makes a conclusion of the degree of personality concept
correlation to theological grounds the Eastern Christian tradition.

In the present article military-philosophical ideas of visible thinkers
and military theorists of "Foreign Russia» are considered. The reasons, circumstances
and features of their formation reveal. Classification of military-philosophical
ideas of thinkers and military theorists of Russian abroad by interpretation
of sights is given: on the reasons of war and a world condition; on a war and
peace parity; on war, its historical essence, its sense, its nature, on distinction in
the characteristic of its role in the history of mankind at different stages of social
development; on approaches to questions of an ideological antagonism on militaryphilosophical
problems; on war, as incarnate violence and its social .absolutization;
on construction and the device of army of the future Russia; on war as the
fact of Russian history; on army, as the bright and proof carrier of national ideals
and traditions; on mutual relations of the people and army; on army as school of
patriotic fidelity; On generalisation of experience of the First World War, military
conflicts in the world of 1920-1930, stories of Russian army and its future in
a context of destinies of Russia, on the modern military organisation both its ele-
ments and a role of the spiritual factor in military science; on necessity of synthesising
of branches of military-scientific knowledge for a science about war; about a
role, a place and the maintenance of the military doctrine in state safety; on questions
of military building, preparation of the country and its armed forces to the
future wars, working out of problems of history of wars and military art.

In the article the experience of philosophical understanding of the
problem of life collision in the classical German philosophy is analyzed. Moreover
the article gives a detail description of Kants position, who demonstrated the
moral decision of the problem from the point of view of moral obligation to the person
himself and from the moral law point of view self-sacrifice for the sake of the
other person, the decision of the problem from the point of view of Law is also examined
(showing the problem in the legal framework). Besides the author stops on
the analyses of Fihtes position on the pointed problem and makes the accent on his
theory of exemption. In the addition the author emphasizes that the problem was
thoroughly analyzed in the philosophy of Hegel and his successors, who formulated
the definition of the notion extreme necessity, singled out its species and
justified the right of need to which the situation of life collision is related. In the
end Feierbachs opinion to this question is given, where the philosopher showed
the evdemonical beginnings of sacrificial behavior.