Purpose. Performative logic, visual culture, and techniques for changing the visual that affect changing perceptions of reality are the most important features of the modern society, often referred to as the "performance society". The purpose of this study is to clarify the nature of the functioning of visual knowledge under the conditions of transformation of the image of reality through digital media. Methodology and Approach. The methodology of the article includes: historical and comparative analysis, analogy, conceptual modeling. Results. Starting with the theory of the visual and the study of the theater of M. Mamardashvili and G. Marcel, the author reaches the set goals and considers some new research perspectives. One of them is the exploration of the theatre (and media) based on M. A. Rosov’s model of social cumatoid. Theoretical and / or Practical Value of this study is in specifying the working of mainly visual knowledge and the possibility of its control.

Purpose. The article analyzes the specificity of human existence which is interpreted as a value being. Values are considered from the standpoint of axiology - not as values that exist in any society, but as absolute values. Methodology and Approach. The author makes an assumption that values are not set logically, therefore it is impossible to talk about them in a logical way. Values are interpreted as norms obtained through natural generalization of effective, achievable, materially beneficial strategies of action. Results. The article proves that ontologically the world of values is a concentration of a number of fundamental, ultimate vital values. Value absolutes are defined as the «last» institutions that should be considered by philosophy as a whole. Theoretical and / or Practical Value. It is concluded that the philosophy of value absolutes can exist only in the form of absolute philosophizing, regulating and mediating the human life.

Purpose. The paper explores the nascent features of the ideas concerning the correlation of corporeal and social in a primitive society and reveals their philosophical functions. Methodology and Approach. The study made use of historical retrospective, comparative historical methods, historical and philosophical analysis, phenomenological and integrative approaches. The historical-genetic comparison was used to identify general and specific historical epochs of the correlation between corporeal and social and to determine the causes of the contradiction between corporeality and sociality, and the ways to overcome it. The phenomenological approach is important in highlighting the value-significant characteristics of corporeality in a primitive society. Results. The study showed that even in a primitive society there was a contradiction between the corporeal and the social. The transition to the next stage of social development is marked by exacerbation of this contradiction , which could be overcome through changing perceptions of physicality and sociality. Theoretical and / or Practical Value of the study lies in the formation of a fundamentally new concept of social development through the prism of the correlation of corporeality and sociality.

It is difficult to consider the problems of adaptation of people who have undergone mental trauma in a single perspective because the level of impact and influencing factors can be completely different. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study different approaches to the rehabilitation of people who have received mental trauma. Methodology and Approach. The paper uses the procedure of scientific cognition and methodology of historical scientific analysis, contributing to the formation of a unified position on the issue. Results. The article attempts to define General theoretical approaches to the problem under consideration. The complex research carried out in the framework of the article makes it possible to form a General scientific idea about the peculiarities of adaptation in the works of Russian and foreign authors, which in turn allows us to consider this problem in a practice-oriented format in the future. Theoretical and / or Practical Value. In the context of theoretical significance, the article is of particular interest, since the study synthesized different points of view on the problem under consideration. Adaptation of people who have experienced mental trauma can be effective only with versatile methods of influence. Psychotherapeutic agents are an effective method to reduce the emotional tension of survivors of mental trauma.

Purpose. Modern war is undergoing essential changes. The transformation of war is a phenomenon that arouses genuine interest among researchers. Methodology and Approach. The main method of research is comparative based on the study and comparison of the conceptual positions of famous military philosophers and theorists, from which the author's understanding of the concept of "small war" is derived. Results. War in modern society takes different forms: theorists write about information war, cyber war, network war, hybrid war. Hybrid war is a special phenomenon of contemporary society, its feature is a combination of classical tactics of warfare and tactics of sabotage, guerrilla. The expansion of the scale of local wars, which express the essence of modern hybrid wars, makes the issue of “small war” topical. “Small war” is a concept that was actively used before World War II, but since then it has not been often used in military and philosophical literature. Theoretical and / or Practical Value. Based on the study of the works of famous military philosophers and historians, the article consistently analyzes the concept of “small war”, reveals its differences and similarities with a guerrilla war, with which this concept is often combined, shows the possibility of using the concept of "small war" in social and philosophical studies of war as a complex social phenomenon.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the meaning of the doctrine of the state formed in the writings of the representatives of the Eurasian school of Russian philosophy. To achieve this goal, the authors examined the works by N. N. Alekseev, P. N. Savitskiy, M. V. Shakhmatov who expressed their views on the problem under consideration. Methodology and Approach. The study revealed special significance of such categories as “truth” and “justice” in classical Eurasian doctrine of the state and the role of spiritual and moral aspects as foundations of the Eurasian state design. Results. The analysis showed that the essence of the state for Eurasians was in the combination of the state-legal and ethical-religious spheres. It was concluded that these ideas are still relevant in modern era. Theoretical and / or Practical Value. This study specifies the essential features of the Eurasian doctrine of the state.

Purpose. The aim of the article is to develop methods for solving the problem of comparative analysis and evaluation of the theoretical and heuristic potential of the main metaphysical theories of free will in the history of philosophy. Methodology and Approach. The problem is posed and solved in the context of the tradition, according to which the problem of the reality of free will should be considered in connection with the problem of the reality of time and change. Results. The main types of arguments in favor of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will are revealed and their relevance for solving the problem of the ontological status of freedom of will is substantiated. The author demonstrates the existence in the history of philosophy of the tradition of solving the question of the reality of free will in connection with the problem of the reality of time and substantiates its theoretical and methodological significance for achieving the stated goal of the study. It is shown that the main difficulty faced by most theories of free will is the impossibility of substantiating the reality of changes in their framework due to the peculiarities of the used ideas about time. At the same time it has been pointed out that there are theories of free will in the history of philosophy which are free from this difficulty. Theoretical and / or Practical Value. The importance of the category of objective time for comparative analysis and evaluation of the main theories of free will created in the history of philosophy is demonstrated.

Although Kant's anthropology in its “pure form” was the “Copernican revolution” in the history of European philosophy, it did not become an independent approach in Russian philosophical thought of the 19th-20th centuries. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ideas of Kant's transcendentalism widely discussed in the works of some Kazan philosophers of the beginning of the 20th century. This discussion was mostly conducted in the framework of anthropological discourse. Methodology and Approach. The article studies the ideas of V. Ivanovsky, A. Makovelsky and K. Sotonin from the angle of their reception of transcendental concepts in psychological and empirical contexts. Results. The analysis showed, that V. Ivanovsky enriched his theory of associationism due to the transcendentalism of I. Kant, A. Makovelsky relied in his procedural theory of “soul” on the Kantian arguments of D. Hume's criticism and K. Sotonin posed a new epistemological problem, complementing Kant’s classification of the objects of judgment. An overview of these concepts is presented in this article. Theoretical and / or Practical Value of the research lies in introducing the understudied concepts of “lifting Kant” in a “positive perspective” developed by regional philosophers into scientific terminology, which, in practical terms, will complement the “picture” of Russian philosophical thought.

Purpose. The article analyzes four basic concepts of the nature of scientific truth: empiric, rationalist, a priori-a posteriori and consensual. Methodology and Approach. The study is focused on the reconstruction of the basic concepts of the nature of scientific truth, their philosophical foundations and capabilities. Results. The author argues that only a consensual concept best corresponds to both the history of scientific knowledge and modern cognitive practice of science. Theoretical and / or Practical Value. The research data can be used in teaching such disciplines as History and Philosophy of Science and Methodology of Scientific Knowledge.

This paper deals with the cult of godparenthood (Serb. “кумство”) in the light of Serbian folklore. The author considers the retrospective of the role and significance of the institution of godparenthood throughout the history: from the divine cult, through the character of St. John the Baptist, to the current roles that the godfather plays in contemporary society. It interprets the natural phenomena that are connected to this cult: the Godfather’s Straw and John’s Beam (Serbian - Jovanovagreda). Purpose: The aim of the research is to get to the essence of the cult role of the godfather and to reveal its deeper semantics in the domain of the Slavic divine pantheon. Methodology: The study was conducted using a comparative method based on processing an array of empirical material. Theoretical and Practical Value: The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to identify a common cultural code for Slavic ethnic groups, which allows constructing geopolitical relations in the future for Slavic peoples.