Disciplinary and scientific scope of the subject matter of philosophy of education must be sought in the essential understanding of the content of such independent sciences as philosophy and pedagogy. Based on the understanding of philosophy as a science of the most general laws of nature, society and thinking, and pedagogy as the science of education and training of humans, it can be assumed that the organic synthesis of these two areas of knowledge must be transformed into the knowledge of the most general principles of education and human learning. Given the applied nature of pedagogy as primarily a methodology controlling the formation of the person, the author suggests that the place of its theoretical ‘superstructure’ that justifies and proposes certain tasks in the form of «anthropological project» should be occupied by the philosophy of education.

The article discusses the main problem of non-classical philosophy - the foundations of reliability of philosophical experience of self-consciousness. The question of being and cognition in the context of a breakdown of the classical ideal of reason has acquired a completely new meaning. The key position in explaining the relationship of consciousness to reality is taken by imagination which received the status of the main mediator between the inner world of subjectivity and the outer world of reality and experience. The overcoming of ontological nihilism as the most important feature of post-classical thinking is considered in the mainstream of the search of new grounds for the validity of philosophical experience. Being and the Word about Being are interconnected and each phenomenon is a mere differentiation from the other.

This paper is a continuation of the author’s reasoning on the place of philosophemes in the structure of philosophical knowledge. The definite type of a philosopheme integrating philosophical and literature knowledge is analysed. The author examines literary text fragments, statements and concepts. Proceeding from the assumption that philosophemes are different according to different foundations they are correspondingly structured, with the foundations being identified.

The article is seen by the author as the first in a series devoted to the main problematic points of forming «models of the required future». It is obvious that these models are based on different attitude toward the past, including different interpretations of the concept of the «Golden age». That’s why we start with the problem of field around this concept. In addition, we aim at highlighting the aspect of the formation of modern ideas about the Golden age, concerning the influence of the process of «knowledge wikization». In this process the information is generated by heterogeneous efforts of authors, gathered randomly to participate in the creation of a text (hypertext). Besides almost any chosen subject is developed by non-expert authors. An example of such collaboration is Wikipedia and a number of similar network projects.

The article proves the urgency of the problem of consensual methodology, a dialogue of cognitive practices in the analysis of the correlation of Western European human-centered concept striving to interpret the law as a form of individual freedom and the Russian system-centered concept considering the right and the good as the highest entity dominating the individual. Based on the research of the works by B.N. Chicherin, V.S. Soloviev, E.N. Trubetskoy, N.N. Alekseev and A.S. Pushkin the author of the article identifies the contribution of the representatives of the Russian spiritual culture and philosophy of law into the development of a dialogical, integral and synthetic approach to the analysis of the problems of interrelation of the individual and society, law and morality, external and internal freedom, law and power. The role and value of legal education, moral identity, civil society and legal state is shown in shaping the people’s attitudes and behaviour under the conditions of total, all-encompassing influence of mass media.

The article deals with the philosophical and cultural analysis of the traditions of the Kazakh people. Special emphasis is placed on the issue of revival of national traditions in the early twenty-first century. The article discusses two promising models of public and cultural structure of Kazakhstan in the 21st century: globalization model and the original model of national development of the Kazakh culture. The model of globalization and integration of the Kazakh culture into the world culture is compared to the model of the Kazakh national original development.

The article tackles the problem of the Russian statehood and its Orthodox roots from philosophical-acmeological perspective. Considering examples from Russian and world history the authors examine the role of the Orthodox values and Orthodox priests in strengthening the Russian statehood and the experience of patriotic upbringing gained in strategic missile forces of the Russian Federation in general and at the Orthodox Culture Department of Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces Named after Peter the Great in particular. The conducted analysis proves the necessity of laying the foundations of an efficient system of moral and spiritual education for the future military servants.

The article deals with the conflict of institutionalization of mass communication (media) in the information society and the authority they really gain. The possible social consequences of insufficient attention to this issue are considered. The most relevant aspects of the impact of the mass communication media referred to as the «fourth power» on society are revealed. Some directions in which the harmonization of mass communication media activities in modern society could be implemented are suggested. The author warns against some social and political practices which do not take into account the problems of institutionalization and subsequent constitualization of mass communication media.

The article considers the problem of structural thinking paradigm determination of anti-humanism trends in socio-cultural space. The marked process of determination is examined through the analysis of philosophical and methodological development of structuralism into poststructuralism. The author argues that post-structuralism has broadened the scope of its philosophical interest and acted as a determinant of the development of anti-humanism, historically preparing the replacement of the ontologically «rooted» author for an explicit meta-narrator.

The article raises the problem of human self-documentation of their life. The specific character of the way of life of modern man is analyzed. Classical types and genres of self-documentation (autobiographies, memoirs, diaries, photos) and modern (life-logging and selfie) are considered. The author examines the role of human self-documentation in the process of self cognition. It is stated that traditional forms of self-documentation are preserved and retain their role and meaning, but the Internet and computer technologies are more popular. The conclusion is made that for modern humans self cognition is as important as for their ancestors.

The research subject of this article is the problem of creativity of the writer and philosopher L.N. Tolstoy, who defines the essence, goals and objectives of his philosophy by the words: «how for the man himself to become better and how to live better.» Neither sciences no humanities could respond to this question according to Tolstoy, as they are disintegrated and secular. Religion is closer to the solution of the basic problems of human existence, but it is completely oriented to the extra-mundane, restricting all human activity to preparations for it, i.e. to absolute obedience and adherence to the tenets. All this is equally unacceptable for Tolstoy.

The paper provides a comparative analysis of Aristotle’s epistemology and modern scientific ideas concerning the process of cognition. Following Aristotle’s ideas we can state that he implied the separation of a researcher and an object examined. However, today it has been proved that the subject and the object determine each other and form an integrated system. The main feature of Aristotle’s epistemology was to get truthful knowledge. But nowadays the epistemological process is directed at recognizing the existence of different irreducible to each other positions that have been obtained during its realization. It is offered to consider the reality as a multi-layer and multi-level one. Knowledge of the subject about the object will be different for every level of cognition, presuming their interconnection. It’s possible to conclude that Aristotle made an enormous contribution into the formation and further development of epistemology and his works turned out to be the starting point for current ideas about cognitive operations, their methods and results.

The article deals with two approaches to consciousness: D. Dennet’s reductive theory which demonstrates excessiveness of the term ‘consciousness’ to the results of neurophysiological research and the opposite one - D. Searle’s theory which considers conscious layer of experience as ontologically indespensable. Proceeding from the authors’ theoretical premises a conclusion is made that self-consciousness possesses both ethical and social meanings and may be considered as a further development of the two critical views.