The paper proposes a new philosophical theory of generation and development of scientific knowledge that can describe and explain not only the most important dynamic features of the scientific discovery process, but also positively solve the problem of conscious control over researcher’s heuristic activity. On the basis of this theory, a new typology of scientific knowledge is offered, in which the basis for classification is precisely the process differences in its production and dynamics.

The article provides a scientific analysis and explanation of the most important achievements in neuroethology and behavioural neurology concerning the analysis of neuron activity in the natural behaviour of living animals. This is a discussion of the possibility of step-by-step verification and of the heuristic potential of a philosophical approach to the analysis of the problems of consciousness. The author argues the need for a mediated analysis of the problems of consciousness, taking into account the rapidly growing amount of knowledge in this field. The question is raised of a scientific method of recording and signifying specific evolutionary processes. The author succeeded in revealing a mediated and multi-aspect interconnection between various kinds of human activity resulted from the specificity of human neuron nature, on the one hand, and causing human cultural phenomenologization, on the other hand.

The article considers the problem of panpsychism in the philosophy of science. Arguments are given to prove the fact that mind, animality are universal properties of being. Examples of synergetics in inanimate nature containing elements of self-organization, analogs of living things are considered. Using the methods of interdisciplinary analysis, dialectics, the author comes to the conclusion that panpsychism finds support among some scientists, but synergetics reveals in the inanimate not the soul, but analogies of life.

The purpose of this article is to identify the role of a dialogue in overcoming intercultural contradictions caused by the process of globalization. The author considers the ways and methods of solving global problems by different thinkers and offers his own interpretation of this problem. The study is based on general scientific methods of research: dialectical, concrete-historical, phenomenological and systemic. Besides that the method of modeling the studied processes of globalization by means of description, comparison and association is used. The results of the study are as follows: we have attempted to answer some questions that arise in the situation of increasing uncertainty of identity. We believe that in the process of solving global problems related to the confrontation of different cultures, dialogue is the most effective approach to find ways of interaction between them. The results of the research allow us to define several basic approaches to the problem associated with the understanding of globalization: whether it is a mechanical process or a conscious intercultural dialogue.

The article characterizes the values of modern Cossacks. The processes of evolution of modern Cossacks and formation of their values are considered. The carried-out analysis has shown that the values modern Cossacks claim to possess are those which, first of all, are necessary for the government or incorporated in the canons of the Orthodox Church and focused on the improvement of the Cossacks’ moral tenor. The author comes to the conclusion that these values are based on new, in comparison with those existing in the USSR, dialectics of the Cossacks’ spiritual paradigm “belief is the idea”.

The article discusses the problem of the axiological foundations of a healthy lifestyle from the point of view of the spiritual and moral choice and target orientations of the individual associated with the preservation of longevity and the strategy of acquiring new meanings of life. Observations are made of safe existence in the society correlated with the achievement of global tasks: survival and prolongation of life; preservation and strengthening of health; improvement of quality of life. Such concepts as culture of health, lifestyle and spiritually-moral qualities, allowing to overcome difficulties of social and economic and cultural crisis are revealed. The author concluded that the complex of healthy lifestyle factors is a necessary constant of the spiritual and moral being of the individual, which allows to preserve interest in life and prolong longevity.

The article provides characteristics of leadership as a social and communicative entity, a process of interaction between the influential mature part of social community and its members and the personality of the leader and its followers. The author considers the nature and essence of leadership, development of leadership as a social and communicative entity. It is concluded that leadership determines the regulation of relationships in a community to ensure its integrity, functionality and focuses on achieving socially valid purposes.

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern scientific achievements which created the ground for the birth of new concepts in the science of communication. The areas in which significant developments took place are quantum physics, synergetics and transpersonal psychology. The systemic analysis of the key achievements in these sciences allows us to create an analytical framework which is useful in developing a new conceptual platform for social communicativistics.

The article considers the emergence of a new type of philosophy of education in the interbellum period of paradigmatiс transgression. Pedagogical philosophy of Russia in the 1920s-1930s had a clearly ambivalent character striving to reflect in philosophical terms the critical intense of social, philosophical and political passions around the key-topic of bringing up a Person of a new society. Using methods of synchronic and diachronic analysis as well as hermeneutical methods of textual perception, the research is intended to draw philosophical conclusions on the specifics of the mentioned heuristic process. Such Russian thinkers as P. Blonsky, A. Zalkind, as well as A. Makarenko grounded theoretical/paradigmal basis for the development of modern Russian philosophy and practice of education.

The article is devoted to the development of the concept of volition in philosophical literature. It provides a detailed systematic analysis of the perception of volition, which is coherently presented according to the main philosophical and historical stages. A thorough study of literary resources has helped the author to identify some specific features of the category of volition in pre-Socratic philosophy, Classical Greek philosophy, Hellenistic philosophy, Medieval philosophy, Renaissance, the Early Modern and contemporary philosophy.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the work of the Russian philosopher Gustav Shpet “Wisdom or Reason?” (1917) which investigated the issue of the essence of philosophy and its relation to scientific problems. The theme is examined through the prism of logic and philosophical dialectics of Platonism. The views of the Russian philosopher are revealed on the essence of philosophy and the place of logic in it. Logic was understood by Shpet as a means of revealing the sense of self-evident truths for subsequent construction of logics. G.G. Shpet considered the essence of philosophy as a strictly conducted interpretation according to the canons of logic. The author of the article highlights the idea of Shpet’s original vision of philosophy as a search for truth and validity and highly estimates the thinker’s contribution to the history of Russian philosophy and the history of logic. It is concluded that Shpet sympathized with critical rationalism, a positive philosophy that he believed was closer to the true ideal of pure philosophy.

The article substantiates the philosophical-methodological aspect in the study of verbal representation of cause-effect relationships. The author singles out three basic principles (modality, comprehensiveness and equivalence) that can manifest themselves in the utterance and reveals similarities and differences in linguistic and philosophical definitions of causality. The linguistic methods of the verbalization of causality study are analyzed and a new prototyping-based model of the verbalization of causality is proposed. It is concluded that philosophical methods and concepts are still an indisputable help in creating abstract linguistic models and universals and provide better understanding of cognitive-verbal interaction.

The article is devoted to the problem of mathematization and theorization of quantum mechanics. Two approaches in the development of axiomatic systems of wave mechanics are considered. The first approach is the movement of the theory within itself, when mathematical tools participate in the creation of the formal logical apparatus of axiomatic system, contributing to the development of new concepts of quantum mechanics. The second approach consists in the interaction of inductive concepts of quantum mechanics (experience) with axiomatic systems (theory). It is proved that in quantum mechanics Kant’s apriorism turns out to be untenable, because eidoi are constructed in it according to mathematical rules.